Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics Essay

Introduction: The Beginning of the â€Å"Continental Drift Theory† In the middle of the eighteenth century, James Hutton proposed a theory, uniformitarianism; â€Å"the present is the key to the past†. It held that processes such as geologic forces- gradual and catastrophic-occurring in the present were the same that operated in the past. (Matt Rosenberg, 2004) This theory coincides with the theory of Continental Drift that was first proposed by Abraham Ortelius in December 1596, who suggested that North, South America, Africa and Eurasia were once connected but had been torn apart by earthquakes and floods. He also discovered that the coasts of the eastern part of South America and the western coasts of Africa fit together like a jigsaw puzzle and this fit becomes especially prominent as the edges of the continental shelves have similar shapes and thus, appear to be once fitted together. (Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2) The similarity of southern continents’ geological formations had led Roberto Mantovani to speculate that all continents had once been a supercontinent and was smaller in its volume than it is now. Through volcanic activity, fissures are created in the crust causing this continent to break apart. However, this theory, known as the Expanding Earth Theory has since been proven incorrect. The Theory of Continental Drift In 1912, The Theory of Continental Drift was intensively developed by Alfred Wegener, who claimed that the world was made up of a single gigantic supercontinent named Pangea since the Permian period, 250 million years ago. It began forming at the beginning of the Carboniferous period, 365 million years ago, when Gondwana collided into Laurussia producing the Appalachian mountain belt in eastern North America and closing in Paleo-Tethys Ocean and modern landmass became exposed to air. Alexander Du Toit then suggested that 145-200 million years ago, in the middle Jurassic Period, Pangea started breaking up into two smaller supercontinents, Laurasia in the northern hemisphere and Gondwana in the southern hemisphere, with Tethys Sea and North Atlantic Ocean separating the two supercontinents. The late Jurassic era began the formation of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada mountains. In the Cretaceous Period, 65 million years ago, the two supercontinents then began fragmenting into the present seven continents. (USGS, 2012) The Tethys Sea that lay between the two landmasses was subducted beneath Eurasia, forming the lower Atlantic Ocean. Eventually, it disappeared. (Nelson Thomas, 2007) (Figure 2) Wegener proposed that continents were moving at about one yard per century and supported this theory with several points of evidence. Evidence supporting the Theory of Continental Drift (Alfred Wegener and Du Toit) Alfred Wegener matched up coastlines, and he realized that by fitting the continental shelves together, cratons formed a contiguous pattern across the boundary of South America and Africa. (Lois Van Wagner, 2013) He realized that mountain ranges that ended at one coastline seemed to begin again on another such as ancient mountains in South Africa that align with the mountains in near Buenos Aires in Argentina. (Sant, Joseph, 2012) He discovered earthworms of the family Megascolecina, who are unlikely to be long-distance migrators, were found in soils of all the Gondwanaland continents. (kangarooistan, 2009) This identical species could not have arisen on different continents without some variations. (WiseGeek, 2010) Fossil remains of a prehistoric reptile known as the Mesosaurus had been uncovered on both sides of the South Atlantic coasts, yet the creature was unable to swim across the Atlantic Ocean. ( Lois Van Wagner, 2013) Fossils of the land reptile, Lystrosaurus were discovered in South America, Africa and Antarctica. (Sant, Joseph, 2012). He also discovered the fossil plant Glossopteris was distributed throughout India, South America, Southern Africa, Australia and Antarctica. (USGS, 2012)(Figure 3) Alexander Du Toit traveled to Brazil and Argentina where he found similarities in the fossils and rock strata to those found in South Africa such as the fossilized remains of Mesosaurus in fresh water deposits, dune deposits capped by basalt flows, tillite and coal beds. Similar layers of rock were formed in Antarctica, Australia, South America, Africa and India. (Figure 4) Widespread distribution of Permo-Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Antarctica and Australia and striations that indicated glacial flow away from the equator and towards the poles were discovered and supported the theory of Continental Drift which proposed that southern continents were once located over the South Pole region and covered by ice sheets. (Lois Van Wagner, 2013) (Figure 4) He also discovered a base layer of shale scratched by glaciers and covered by layers of tillite in South Africa, a continent of a tropical equatorial climate. Tillites and varves dating back to 2 billion years ago, were found in Canada and India, indicating glaciation on a worldwide scale. Such tillites were found on all major continents except Antarctica, which has been the most extensive glacial continent in earth’s history. (kangarooistan, 2009) Additionally, fossils of tropical plants in the form of coal deposits were found in Antarctica which implies that Antarctica had to be closer to the Equator. (USGS, 2012) This study of changes in climate taken on the scale of the entire history of Earth is known as paleoclimatology. Sediments of rifting have proved the drifting apart of Pangea. The rifting that formed the South Atlantic Ocean began late in the Mesozoic Period when Africa and South America began to pull apart. Water from the south then flowed in over time, thus forming the evaporites now found along the coastlines there. (Lois Van Wagner, 2013)(Figure 5) However, Wegener believed that only the continents were moving and they plowed through the rocks of the ocean basins. (Colliers Encyclopedia, 1996) Harold Jeffreys then argued that it is impossible for continents to break through solid rock without breaking apart. (USGS, 2012) Wegener also claimed that the centrifugal force of the spinning planet had forced the continents sideways, parallel to the equator; tidal pull from the sun and moon had caused lateral movement. (Sant, Joseph, 2012) His orders of magnitude were too weak. Thus, his theory was dismissed. (Lois Van Wagner, 2013) Further development and support of the â€Å"Continental Drift Theory† in the 1960s After World War 2, the U.S. Office of Naval Research intensified efforts in ocean-floor mapping, leading to the discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to be part of a continous system of mid-oceanic ridges on all ocean floors, prompting Harry H. Hess to suggest the theory of sea-floor spreading. The oldest fossils found in ocean sediments were only 180 million years old and little sediment were accumulated on the ocean floor. Thus, he suggested that seafloors were no more than a few hundred million years old, significantly younger than continental land due to hot magma rising from volcanically active mid-oceanic ridges, spreading sideways, cooling on the seafloor’s surface due to cooler temperatures of the sea, solidifying to create new seafloor, thereby pushing the tectonic plates apart. (Edmond A. Mathez, 2000) The realization that the shape of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Atlantic Coast are strikingly similar substantiated the claim that the continents had been joined together at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. (J. Tuzo Wilson, 1996) (Figure 6) The cause of the continental drift that Wegener was unable to explain had been further researched on by Arthur Holmes who claimed that the movement of continents was the result of convection currents driven by the thermal convection in the heat of the interior of the Earth, namely the mantle. The heat source of the mantle comes from radioactivity decay in the core. (Figure 7) At constructive plate boundaries, molten basalt flows out on either side of the ridge and cools with the iron particles in the basalt aligning with the earth’s magnetic field which reverses direction every few hundred thousand years. (Lois Van Wagner, 2013) Due to magma cooling, the polarity of rocks will be recorded at the time it was formed. (Figure 8.1) In 1950, researchers of paleomagnetism discovered that there were alternating regions of normal and reversed magnetic directions symmetrically disposed on both sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge –magnetic stripping. (J. Tuzo Wilson, 1996) Harry H. Hess’ theory was thus proven by the magnetic anomalies in the oceanic crust. (Nelson Thomas, 2007) (Figure 8.2) It was also discovered that the youngest rocks were closest to the mid-oceanic Ridge and the oldest rocks were near the coasts of the continents. When scientists began collecting magnetic data for North America and Europe, they discovered the north pole seemed to be moving about over time. (ALLA, 2009) However, when data from other continents was collected for the same time frames, it showed different polar locations, thus supporting that continents were moving about. The Theory of Plate Tectonics The theory of plate tectonics held that the Earth’s lithosphere, the Earth’s crust and the uppermost mantle, is broken into seven macro-plates and about twelve smaller ones, averaging 50 miles in width. (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 2007) Any plate may consist of both oceanic crust and continental crust. (Colliers Encyclopedia, 1996) (Figure 9) It suggests that the ocean floor began to spread at constructive plate boundaries, and continents, existing on â€Å"plates†, moved due to convection currents in the mantle and constant sea-floor spreading. (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2011). They drag and move plates above them due to rising magma spreading out beneath the earth’s crust. As two oceanic plates move apart, magma from the underlying asthenosphere mantle wells up from oceanic ridges and becomes rigid enough to join the lithosphere of the plates on either side of the plate boundary, creating new seafloor and eventually, an oc ean is opened up. (J. Tuzo Wilson, 1996) (Figure 10) Examples are the Atlantic Ocean formed between South America and Africa. New rock is created by volcanism at mid-oceanic ridges and returned to the Earth’s mantle at oceanic trenches where the denser plate is subducted under the other, forcing the earth’s crust back into the mantle. (J. Tuzo Wilson, 1996) This process is known as the ridge push and slab-pull. (Figure 11) Different plate tectonics movement and subsequent tectonic activities Transform plate movement causing earthquakes: Seismic waves disrupting the continents in the form of earthquakes are due to the great amount of stress and energy built up by the friction of the moving plates, especially during transform plate movement, where plates slide past each other in a grinding, shearing manner and form tear faults (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2011). (Figure 12.1) There is gradual bending of rocks before the ductile limit of rocks is exceeded, causing the plates to lock and the fault to break, leading to sudden release of stored energy, causing earthquakes. (Nelson Thomas, 2007 ) An example is the strike-slip fault, San Andreas Fault in California. (Figure 12.2) (WiseGeek, 2010) Oceanic and Oceanic convergent plate movement: Other evidence of plate tectonics movement are most of the world’s active volcanoes located along or near the boundaries between shifting plates known as plate-boundary volcanoes. (J. Tuzo Wilson, 1996) When two oceanic plates collided, the denser plate will subduct under the other, forming a deep oceanic trench and form magma through hydration or decompression melting. The magma being less dense than the surrounding mantle, rises and escapes to the sea-floor through cracks in the earth’s crust, forming submarine volcanoes that rise above water to form a chain of volcanic islands known as island arcs, such as the Japan Islands. (Figure 13) Examples would be the Pacific Plate subducting underneath the North American Plate creating the Kuril Trench and the Japan Trench that can be found along the Pacific Ring of Fire. Many volcanoes such as Mount St. Helens, Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Pinatubo in the Phillipines are located along the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean Basin where boundaries of several plates such as the Nazca and the Cocos Plate are found, forming the Ring of Fire. (Fraser Cain, 2009) (Figure 14) Volcanoes formed not due to tectonic activities: 5 per cent of the world’s volcanoes are formed at isolated â€Å"hot spots† and many intra-plate volcanoes form roughly linear chains along the middle of oceanic plates. (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2011)Examples are the Yellowstone National park and Hawaiian Islands, an intra-plate volcanic chain developed by the Pacific plate passing over a deep, stationary â€Å"hot spot†, located 60 km beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii. Heat from this hotspot produced a constant source of basaltic magma by partly melting the overriding Pacific Plate. This magma rises through the mantle to erupt onto the seafloor, forming an active seamount. Over time, countless eruptions caused the seamount to grow until it finally emerges above sea level to form island volcanoes. The continuing plate movement eventually carries the island volcano away from the hotspot, cutting it off from the â€Å"hot spot† and creating another island volcano. This cycle is repeated, forming the Hawaiian Islands. (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 2007) (Figure 15) Continental and Continental convergent plate movement: Continental fold mountain ranges are evidence of two continental plates that are thick and buoyant thus, preventing both plates from subducting. Instead, the two plates collide into each other forming fold mountain ranges in a process known as orogenesis. An example is the high elevation of the Tibetan plateau, fringed to the south by the Himalayas as the edges of the Indian and Eurasia plate buckle, uplift, fold and deform. Mt. Everest is the highest summit on Earth, yet Yellowband limestone that was originally part of the shallow seals of the Tethys Ocean was found on Mount Everest at a height of 8462m. (Figure 16) Oceanic and Continental convergent plate movement: Mountains are formed when oceanic crust is subducted under a continental crust, resulting in melting of rock, thus volcanic activity and causing the continental crust to deform, rise and buckle upwards under compressional forces. Examples are the Andes Mountain, the Chile-Peru Trench and the uplift of the Rockies and Appalachians in the past. (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2007) The Table Mountains was formed approximately 250 million years ago, due to the Pacific plate subducting under the North American plate, (Mary Ann Resendes, 2012) thus creating the Sierra Nevada foothills, subsequently creating the Cape of Good Hope as the ocean erodes the soft sandstone of Table Mountains on the coast. (National Geographic, 1996) Other tectonic activities such as the Wadati-Benioff zones, that are earthquake zones parallel to oceanic trenches are also formed at such subduction zones and inclined from 40 to 60 degrees from the horizontal, extending several hundred kilometres into the mantle. (Figure 17) Continental and Continental divergent plate movement: When two continental crusts are pulled apart due to tensional forces, the area sinks and forms a rift valley and sea such as the East African Rift Valley and the Red Sea that runs from the Jordan Valley and into East Africa, already dotted with volcanoes such as Hermon. This is due to the area being stretched, causing the crustal material to thin, weaken and sink due to lowered density. (Figure 18) Isostasy Also, isostasy takes place wherever a large amount of weight such as the fold mountain ranges created from plate tectonics movements is formed or glaciers, pushes down the Earth’s crust and creates a small dent. Isostasy also takes place at divergent plate boundaries when a large amount of weight is removed from an area, causing that portion of the Earth’s crust to rise. Therefore, equilibrium in the earth’s crust is achieved such that forces elevating landmasses balances those tending to depress landmasses. (Learning Network, 1998) (Figure 19)

Patch Adams Relection Paper Essay

The movie Patch Adams is a truly inspiring movie for all those who wish to become doctors. The reason I enjoyed the movie, as is for most people, is the character and attitude portrayed by the lead actor Robin Williams. His role in the movie is both fascinating and inspiring. He was a man who, although initially considered himself to sick and suicidal, became one of the greatest flames in the medical history. The part that truly inspires me is his passion. There are very few people in the field today who work out of passion and love. In the process of learning every disease, cure and treatment know to man kind, medical students and doctors tend to forget that they are not treating machines but human beings who deserve not just their attention but also their compassion and sympathy. While I was watching the movie I realized that to become a doctor u need to work hard and pass your exams, but more importantly what u need is the interest and desire to really learn and put the acquired knowledge to use. I realized that if one has the passion and desire, then everything will automatically fall into place. I realized that by scoring the highest in your exams or by mastering every word in the book you only become a doctor. To become a great doctor what you need is passion, dedication and, most important of all, compassion. Another thing that I realized while watching the movie is the need to be open minded and to adapt. The field of medicine is an ever growing, ever developing one. With every passing day there is some or the other new disease or treatment. We have to keep our minds open to all such developments and accept the changes. I also learnt that this open mindedness is important not only in the theoretical knowledge we acquire but that practical life we live. One, no matter how high a position they acquire in the field, should always be open to change and suggestions because the only thing constant in life is change. In fact this movie reminded me of something my dad always tell me, â€Å"look at life through the eyes of a child and live each day like it is either your first or your last. If you can do this then what you have in you is not just focus and concentration but also passion, and an open mind and the willingness to learn.†

Mintzbergs Model on Organisational Structures

Mintzbergs Model on Organisational Structures The Five Parts This note summarises the key features of Henri Mintzbergs theory on the structuring of organisations, which he presented in his book The Structuring of Organisations and Structure in 5's: Designing Effective Organizations in the early 1980s. According to Mintzberg organisations are formed of five main parts: Operating core Those who perform the basic work related directly to the production of products and services Strategic apexCharged with ensuring that the organisation serve its mission in an effective way, and also that it serve the needs of those people who control or otherwise have power over the organisation Middle-line managers Form a chain joining the strategic apex to the operating core by the use of delegated formal authority Technostructure The analysts who serve the organisation by affecting the work of others. They may design it, plan it, change it, or train the people who do it, but they do not do it themselve s Support staffComposed of specialised units that exist to provide support to the organisation outside the operating work flow Pressures Each of these five parts has a tendency to pull the organisation in a particular direction favourable to them * Strategic Apexes – centralisation * Support Staff – collaboration * Technostructures – standardisation * Operating Core – professionalisation * Middle Line – balkanisation Five Generic Structures There are five generic organisation structures which can be described in terms of the five-part theory: * Simple structure, Machine bureaucracy, * Professional bureaucracy, * Divisionalised form, * Adhocracy. Simple Structure The simple structure, typically, has * little or no technostructure, few support staffers, * a loose division of labour, minimal differentiation among its units, and a small managerial hierarchy. * The behaviour of simple structure is not formalised and planning, training, and liaison devic es are minimally used in such structures. Coordination in the simple structure is controlled largely by direct supervision.Especially, power over all important decisions tends to be centralized in the hands of the chief executive officer. Thus, the strategic apex emerges as the key part of the structure. Indeed, the structure often consists of little more than a one-person strategic apex and an organic operating core Most organizations pass through the simple structure in their formative years. The environments of the simple structures are usually simple and dynamic.A simple environment can be comprehended by a single individual, and so enables decision making to be controlled by that individual. A dynamic environment means organic structure: Because its future state cannot be predicted, the organization cannot effect coordination by standardization Machine Bureaucracy The design of a machine bureaucracy tends to be as follows: * highly specialised, routine operating tasks; * very f ormalised procedures in the operating core; a proliferation of rules, regulations, ; formalised communication; * large-sized units at the operating level; * reliance on the functional basis for grouping tasks; * relatively centralised power for decision making; * an elaborate administrative structure with sharp distinctions between line and staff. Because the machine bureaucracy depends primarily on the standardization of its operating work processes for coordination, the technostructure emerges as the key part of the structure Machine bureaucratic work is found, in environments that are simple and stable.Machine bureaucracy is not common in complex and dynamic environments because the work of complex environments can not be rationalized into simple tasks and the processes of dynamic environments can not be predicted, made repetitive, and standardized The machine bureaucracies are typically found in the mature organizations, large enough to have the volume of operating work needed f or repetition and standardization, and old enough to have been able to settle on the standards they wish to use The managers at the strategic apex of these organizations are mainly concerned with the fine-tuning of their bureaucratic machines.Machine bureaucracy type structures are â€Å"performance organizations† not â€Å"problem solving† ones. Professional Bureaucracy The professional bureaucracy relies for coordination on: * the standardization of skills and its associated parameters such as design, training and indoctrination. * In professional bureaucracy type structures duly trained and indoctrinated specialists -professionals- are hired for the operating core, and then considerable control over their work is given to them. Most of the necessary coordination between the operating professionals is handled by the standardization of skills and knowledge – especially by what they have learned to expect from their colleagues. Whereas the machine bureaucracy ge nerates its own standards the standards of the professional bureaucracy originate largely outside its own structure (especially in the self-governing association its operators join with their colleagues from other professional bureaucracies). The professional bureaucracy emphasizes authority of a professional nature or in other words â€Å"the power of expertise†.The strategies of the professional bureaucracy are mainly developed by the individual professionals within the organization as well as of the professional associations on the outside. Divisionalised Form Divisionalised form type organizations are composed of semi-autonomous units – the divisions. The divisionalised form is probably a structural derivative of a Machine Bureaucracy – an operational solution to co-ordinate and controls a large conglomerate delivering: 1. Horizontally diversified products or services 2. In a straight-forward, stable environment 3. Where large economies of scale need not app ly.If large economies of scale were possible the costs and benefits of divisionalisation would need careful examination. The modern, large holding company or conglomerate typically has this form Like the Professional Bureaucracy, the Divisional Form is not so much an integrated organization as a set of quasi-autonomous entities coupled together by a central administrative structure. But whereas those â€Å"loosely coupled† entities   in the Professional Bureaucracy are individuals—professionals in the operating core—in the Divisionalised Form they are units in the middle line.These units are generally called divisions, and the central administration, the headquarters The Divisionalised Form differs from the other four structural configurations in one important respect. It is not a complete structure from the strategic apex to the operating core, but rather a structure superimposed on others. That is, each division has its own structure. Most important, the Div isionalised Form relies on the market basis for grouping units at the top of the middle line. Divisions are created according to markets served and they are then given control over the operating functions required to serve these markets.Adhocracy Adhocracy includes a highly organic structure, with: * little formalization of behaviour; * job specialization based on formal training; * a tendency to group the specialists in functional units for housekeeping purposes but to deploy them in small, market-based project teams to do their work; * a reliance on liaison devices to encourage mutual adjustment, the key coordinating mechanism, within and between these teams The innovative organization cannot rely on any form of standardization for coordination.Consequently, the adhocracy might be considered as the most suitable structure for innovative organizations which hire and give power to experts – professionals whose knowledge and skills have been highly developed in training progra ms. Managers (such as functional managers, integrating managers, project managers etc. ) abound in the adhocracy type structures. Project managers are particularly numerous, since the project teams must be small to encourage mutual adjustment among their members, and each team needs a designated leader, a â€Å"manager. Managers are also functioning members of project teams, with special responsibility to effect coordination between them. To the extent that direct supervision and formal authority diminish in importance, the distinction between line and staff disappears. Structure/strategy fit Pan American airlines A mismatch between strategy and structure can lead to serious organisational difficulties. This was the case with Pan Am Airlines. An error in strategy In the late 1970s, the international airline Pan Am, decided to adopt a new strategy in order to capture some of the American domestic market.The company felt that if its foreign-bound American travellers could do business with Pan Am for the entirety of their trip, the airline could become and industry giant. In 1978, therefore, Pan Am purchased National Airlines, which had one of America’s best domestic route systems. The acquisition proved to be a poor strategic move. Just as the purchase was made, the entire domestic airline industry in the US was deregulated. With deregulation, Pan Am could have constructed its own domestic route system with the resources it had.Instead, it acquired a very expensive domestic route system and domestic carrier that quickly became unprofitable under Pan Am management because of a serious structural error. Structural error Pan Am decided to roll National and Pan Am into one airline, still trading as Pan Am. This is most closely associated with developing a functional organisational design. National’s regular customers were thereby disenfranchised and customer loyalty to the National ‘brand’ was lost. A name such as Pan Am National Airlines would have been more useful to the organisation.Philip Morris, for example, used a much more appropriate and savvy approach when it bought Kraft and General Foods: it kept both names, Kraft General Foods. It did not drop the names and call itself Philip Morris Foods, which had no pre-existing market association. Combining the two airlines, rather than keeping them separate under a divisional structure, resulted in the loss of the lower-cost workers of National. Under the new, uniform structure, the former National employees were paid higher wages. While this may have appealed to the employees, it was an error on the part of Pan Am management.This error was especially evident after deregulation, which brought about low-cost airlines that could profitably offer travellers cheap fares. With its higher cost, Pan Am was being beaten by its old and new competitors. A sounder management structure would have been to match Pan Am to its new strategy by the divisional structure, leaving the two airlines as separate divisions of the same organisation. The effects of strategy and structure errors Because of the strategic and structural errors Pan Am was losing money. In order to survive, the airline began selling its assets. In 1980, it sold its Pan Am building in New York.In 1981, it sold its company hotel chain. During the same decade, it sold many of its DC-10 aircraft to American Airlines. When airline transport boomed again, Pan Am was left with no capacity to take advantage of the increase in air traffic. The struggling airline even sold its prized Pacific routes, a move that many experts say was one of Pan Am’s management’s greatest mistakes. The airline’s survival became doubtful. Pan Am began looking for a partner in hopes of prospering again. Management and labour problems In the midst of strategic and structural problems, management and labour came into conflict. In 1981, C.Edward Acker, who had built tiny Air Florida into a nationally kno wn carrier, became chairman of Pan Am. He got off to a good start with the union, with some employees even wearing buttons proclaiming themselves as ‘Acker Backers’. But the relationship did not last long. In 1985, the Transport Workers Union struck Pan Am, costing it any possible profits that year. By the late 1980s, Pan Am’s unions were calling for Acker’s replacement. In 1988, Acker and four other corporate officers lost their jobs. William Genoese, director of the Teamsters’ airline division, explained that the company’s problem was that management didn’t realise that he airline was 20 years behind the times. Management was not in the marketplace merchandising or being more competitive. The problem continued under the next Chairman. Eventually, time ran out for the carrier. The airline filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy on January 8, 1990 and went out of business on December 4, 1991. Required: Summarise the key strategic issues and th e link to structure. 3. By way of conclusion, identify and explain the changing approaches to organisational design and structure. Your answer must include an analysis of the reasons for these changes. Use examples either real or hypothetical to clarify your answer.

The List of All U.S Colleges With a Nutrition Major

Nutrition majors study food and the way the body uses it to function and fuel activity. Along with evaluating the ways in which factors like age, sex, and pregnancy affect our digestion, nutritionists strive to use what they’ve learned to help clients lose weight, manage illness, and boost overall health. It’s no secret that America is facing an obesity crisis . As a nutritionist, you’ll have the opportunity to help improve the quality of life of a percentage of the 93.3 million U.S. adults currently suffering from this and other conditions. Read on to learn which colleges and universities offer a nutrition program, along with what it takes to get accepted into this major. Majoring in nutrition offers students the opportunity to change the world — and people’s lives — for the better. Ideal for students with a talent for science and a passion for service, the nutrition field involves helping individuals make better choices with regard to food. As a nutritionist, you’ll have the opportunity to work one on one with clients and provide feedback on their progress. Additionally, you’ll have the chance to speak to schools and businesses, inspiring large groups to make changes. One of the benefits of applying to a nutrition program is that it affords you plenty of career potential. As a nutritionist, you can opt to work on your own or for a larger company, like a school, hospital, or private organization. Additionally, graduates with a bachelor’s degree in nutrition can find employment as food product development scientists, who work to protect the safety, flavor, and health value of various food products. Other jobs for nutrition majors include nutritional therapist, food safety auditor, nutrition educator, and nutrition writer. If you opt to major in nutrition, you’ll also develop knowledge and soft skills that can benefit you in a wide range of fields. Because nutritionists have to create spreadsheets and develop meal plans, individuals in this field tend to boast extensive computer skills. Moreover, nutrition students often excel at researching complex topics and finding ways to convey the information to clients. And of course, nutritionists need to be empathetic and non-judgmental if they hope to help clients achieve better health. ring that the development and production of food items comply with all applicable laws is the task of regulatory affairs specialists. If you want to get accepted into a nutrition program, it pays to start preparing early on in your high school career. Students looking to major in this field can impress admissions committees by taking courses in biology, chemistry, human anatomy, and physiology. If your school offers them, consider studying biochemistry and economics as well. Finally, a psychology background can help nutritionists learn how people think so they become more effective communicators. Extracurriculars can also have an effect on your odds of getting into a nutrition program. Because majoring in nutrition involves a great deal of math and science, students can show their passion and quantitative capacity by joining a Science Olympiad, participating in a math club, or signing up for a robotics team. Additionally, applicants can demonstrate their love of healthy eating by writing for a food blog or taking cooking classes. If you need additional support getting accepted to a nutrition program, the Early Advising Program can help. We pair high school freshmen and sophomores with custom-chosen advisors from top 30 colleges. Whether you need help choosing the right courses or selecting extracurriculars, our mentors will be in your corner. Our goal is to give every student a custom roadmap to achieving their dreams. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Interested in majoring in nutrition? Here is a complete list of U.S. colleges and universities that offer programs in this field: Arkansas State University | A–State Bowling Green State University | BGSU C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University | LIU Post California Baptist University | CBU California Polytechnic State University | Cal Poly California State University, Long Beach | Long Beach State California State University, Los Angeles | Cal State LA California State University, Sacramento | Sacramento State Central Washington University | CWU Delaware State University | Del State East Tennessee State University | ETSU Farmingdale State College | SUNY Farmingdale Florida International University | FIU Grand Valley State University | GVSU Indiana University Bloomington | Indiana Indiana University of Pennsylvania | IUP Louisiana Tech University | La. Tech Mansfield University of Pennsylvania Metropolitan State University of Denver | MSU Denver Middle Tennessee State University | MTSU Mississippi University for Women | MUW New Jersey Institute of Technology | NJIT North Carolina Central University | NCCU North Carolina State University | NC State Northeastern State University | NSU Northwest Missouri State University Oregon Institute of Technology | Oregon Tech Pennsylvania State University | PSU Point Loma Nazarene University | PLNU Prairie View A&M University | PVAMU Queens College, City University of New York | CUNY QC Rochester Institute of Technology | RIT Rutgers University–New Brunswick | Rutgers Sam Houston State University | SHSU South Carolina State University | SCSU Southern Illinois University Carbondale | SIU Southern Illinois University Edwardsville | SIUE State University of New York at Plattsburgh | SUNY Plattsburgh Stephen F. Austin State University | SFA University of Alaska Anchorage | UAA University of California, Davis | UC Davis University of Central Arkansas | UCA University of Central Oklahoma | UCO University of Hawaii at Manoa | UH Manoa University of Illinois at Chicago | UIC University of Louisiana at Lafayette | UL Lafayette University of Maryland Eastern Shore | UMES University of Maryland, College Park | Maryland University of Massachusetts Amherst | UMass Amherst University of Massachusetts Lowell | UMass Lowell University of Minnesota, Twin Cities | Minnesota University of Mississippi | Ole Miss University of Nebraska–Lincoln | UNL University of Nevada, Las Vegas | UNLV University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | UNC University of North Carolina at Greensboro | UNC Greensboro University of Southern Indiana | USI University of Southern Mississippi | Southern Miss University of Texas at Austin | UT Austin University of Texas at San Antonio | UTSA University of the District of Columbia | UDC University of the Incarnate Word | UIW University of Wisconsin-Madison | Wisconsin University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee | UWM University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point | UW–Stevens Point University of Wisconsin–Stout | UW–Stout Large public high schools don’t always have the resources needed to help students on their admissions journeys. 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International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International marketing - Essay Example The concept of marketing arose from the recognized need of a business to relate to the potential consumers they were targeting and develop a line of communication that will enable them to relay any messages to the public (Kotler & Keller, 2006). The practice of marketing also served to create new inroads in freshly established regions that allows for the opportunity to develop a consumer base. Marketing strategies come into play when a company is implementing their method of marketing and consists of the particular pathways that will be chosen by an organization aiming to achieve this objective (Laermer & Simmons, 2007). The marketing strategies that are developed will be determined by the type of business the organization is involved in as well as the specific objectives that they wish to achieve. A business may choose to focus on a particular objective that they feel is essential to the strengthening of their business and this in turn will determine the particular methods that are put into application (Kotler & Keller, 2006). ... In this particular case scenario the market environment will be placed in the South African region as this is the area where the business wishes to set up their operations (Kotler & Keller, 2006). The environment can be categorized into two factors when attempting to decipher the various issues that affects the dental market the practice is hoping to penetrate. These categories are internal and external factors: Internal Factors This refers to the factors within the business that will affect the marketing strategies that may be implemented by the practice. They include: Size of the practice – The size of the business will directly affect the level of marketing they are able to undertake as well as the methods that will be implemented in relation to the business’ financial capabilities (Laermer & Simmons, 2007). The size of the business may also refer to the intended extent the practice plans on growing their South African business, a moderate establishment would not req uire as much marketing as an intended National brand would. Organizational Structure – The manner in which the company is structured and established means of operations will determining the marketing strategy that will be implemented with regard to the decision makers. The marketing activities may be controlled by the London based department which may mean that the South African strategies will have to have originated from headquarters before the business is able to act on them. It is advisable that individuals who are based within the region be in charge of the marketing operations as this is the group that has the clearest perspective of what they are dealing with and the steps that need

Path Of Light Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Path Of Light - Lab Report Example A flash light is placed at the end of the row of the index cards and lit, after switching off the lights in the experimental room. The light can be seen passing through all the holes. It can be concluded that light travels in a straight line. In the same way, the holes are in alignment and that since light travels in a straight line; it was observed passing through all the holes. The property of light travelling in a straight line is known as rectilinear propagation. Considering that the sizes of the holes are to be reduces, the light will continue travelling in a straight line but in a more restricted. When the cards were shifted a shadow is formed since the path of light is a straight line and does not bend around the object (Avison 2). Another direct effect of light’s path being a straight line is the casting of shadows by opaque objects. The concept of the path of light being a straight line is applicable in various areas including the manufacture of mirrors both for domestic and industrial use, movie theaters that use projectors where light is restricted, cameras, human vision, and the casting of a shadow by light on opaque objects explains the formation of day and nights, as well as

Introduction to Economics (Past Paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Introduction to Economics (Past Paper) - Essay Example TRUE: If a country has the competitive advantage of producing a good, then it should use the same advantage to produce the same and export (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007). Importing commodities that a country can produce more cheaply will only lead to trade deficits, hence a bad economic policy. TRUE: Demand curve for an inferior good must be upwards-sloping due to the fact that the income and substitution effects work in different directions. Whereas a decrease in price of an inferior good causes more consumption via the substitution effect, the same is likely to cause less consumption given the income effect (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007). In the below figure, X is a inferior good while Y is a normal good given the reduction and increase in demand respectively due to increases in income (income substitution). TRUE: Marginal cost (MC) is the additional cost incurred in producing one more unit hence; it changes with changes in the quantity produced. In a scenario where the marginal cost is increasing, the average total cost (ATC) curve is likely to be U-shaped (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007). MC is factored within ATC and as quantity increases; the ATC and MC will decrease and increase respectively. MC will continue to increase thereby pulling up the ATC hence the marginal cost crosses average cost at a point where average cost is increasing as illustrated below. FALSE: Diseconomies of scale occur in an organization when expansion of all available inputs such as labour and capital causes an increase in the long-run average cost (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007). On the other hand, diminishing marginal return refers to an economic scenario where marginal product continues to diminish despite addition of one input and holding the other inputs constant (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007). Therefore, diseconomies of scale is not related to diminishing marginal returns since the latter only