The Expectancy Theory of Motivation

The Expectancy Theory of Motivation The Expectancy Theory of Motivation Mr. Jeffrey Kiger Western Governor’s University LET 1 Task 1 Abstract The Expectancy Theory of Motivation was developed by Victor Vroom in 1964. The theory is not without its critics however, most of the evidence is supportive. The Expectancy Theory helps to explain the motivations of employees in both a positive and negative ways. A lot of people in the workforce feel this way about their jobs or careers. Although they have probably never thought much about why they feel this way or asked themselves â€Å"what can I do to overcome these feelings? The Expectancy Theory of Motivation There are 3 relationships that are associated with the expectancy theory of motivation. The first relationship is effort-performance, which is the perception by employees that a certain amount of effort will lead to an acceptable performance standard. The second relationship that this theory explains is that individuals believ e the desirable outcomes are the result of performing at a certain level. The final relationship that is related to the expectancy theory of motivation concerns the correlation between rewards and personal goals.This part explains to what degree a company’s rewards satisfy an individual’s personal needs or goals. The relationship also stresses the importance of those possible rewards for the employees. The employees seem to have a number of issues that they need to overcome in order for them to be successful with the new production process. It seems like Supervisor A is having trouble communicating and motivating with his team. All 3 of the Expectancy Theory relationships seem to be prevalent in this situation. Some of the team members don’t think that they can physically do the job.A portion of the employees feel that the new production system is too demanding for their abilities. The company needs to re-examine the processes, break them down to more basic step s, and then spend a little time retraining the production teams. The employees will then see that they can meet the production goals. Some of the other employees don’t want to do the job, they can meet the production goals but they have decided that it isn’t important enough to do so. They have determined that the effort isn’t worth it because other employees get paid the same amount even though they don’t reach the same production goals.They haven’t understood the actual relationship of performance to reward. They are putting the focus on the other employees and forgetting about themselves. The company needs to address this conflict in order to have successful production teams. The last group of employees do not think that the rewards for achieving the company’s production goals will mean much to them at the end of the week. They are obviously concerned about their personal goals of making as much money as possible each week. They are getti ng the reward for their effort toward the company’s production goals however, it’s not enough.These employees really have to make a decision concerning the reward versus their personal goals. In my opinion, the company needs to do 4 things to fix the issues at hand. First of all, the company needs to understand why the production goals are not reached and find solutions so that the employee can be successful. Secondly, they need to do a better job of communicating the production goals and standards. The third item that needs to change is the accountability of the employee to the production goals. Last of all, the company could even change the production levels that must be met to receive a bonus.The possibility of reaching the goals and receiving the reward/bonus will help the employee see the achievement of the performance reward relationship. Appendix Each Appendix appears on its own page. Footnotes 1Complete APA style formatting information may be found in the Publi cation Manual. Table 1 Type the table text here in italics; start a new page for each table [Insert table here] Figure Captions Figure 1. Caption of figure [Figures – note that this page does not have the manuscript header and page number]

By the River by Steven Herrick Essay

Steven Herrick’s work of â€Å"By the river† displays a bildungsroman novel in which harry goes on a journey through life, facing love and loss. Steven Herrick’s verse novel â€Å"By the River† is very successful in conveying the significant ideas about human nature. He uses key themes such as grief, environmental influence and coming of age to explore these ideas. To convey the themes Herrick uses multiple techniques such as imagery, repetition, personification and positive and negative influence throughout his text. Grief is a key theme throughout Herrick’s novel â€Å"By the River† highlighting the suffering and distress from losing a loved one. Herrick explores this theme through the death of Harry Hodby’s mother and his close friend Linda. The first element of grief depicted in the novel is shown through the quotes â€Å"we sit in the tender shade/leave him to share some time with our mother/his wife. Herrick uses collective nouns in this quote to convey the ownership of the mother that not only does it show her titles but also it shows the roles within their lives. Herrick then uses personification to describe the â€Å"tender shade† and how it has a positive connotation displaying his positive outlook on grief. A second element that is depicted throughout Herrick’s novel is shown in the quote â€Å"and dad/alone in the kitchen/stirring his tea/until it was cold in the cup† Herrick uses imagery in this quote to display the numbness in his life. By using the theme grief we clearly see the ideas about human nature and how they can have a positive and negative outlook on life. Steven Herrick explores the idea that environment can define who you are. Herrick uses imagery to show the impact of setting on Harry. He shows Harry’s confusion in the first poem â€Å"The Colour of My Town. † Harry shows us the effects the environment of the place he has grown up in has had on his identity. And example of this would be â€Å"after listening to all these ugly little voices, I want to run away†. Herrick personifies the voices creating the impression that the voices has an effect over Harry making it hard for him to chose certain decisions that would shape parts of his life. Also the use of depressive connotations like squashed and dead in â€Å"A dead snake, cane toads squash flat, nothing that lives, and nothing that shines†. Herrick uses this theme to create a sense of the environmental effect on Harry Hodby’s identity, and to show the significant ideas about human nature. Coming of age is another major theme throughout Herrick’s novel â€Å"By the River†. In this novel we see Harry go on a journey through childhood to adolescence experiencing various changes and pleasures of life in a country town. In the quote â€Å"I see clearly now/which part of me/is my dads/the part inside/the good part/the part that knows/Johnny Barlow/Linda/the ring/the white cross† Herrick uses a list method and lists multiple things to show how much Harry has taken in over time and realized what has actually happened throughout his journey. This shows his change from child to adolescence. Herrick uses the repetition of the word â€Å"part† to emphasise to his readers that Harry has finally found the part of him, which belongs to his dad. Coming of age is a very important theme in this novel and expresses very significant ideas about human nature. Herrick was very successful in conveying the key elements of human nature by expressing them through the themes, grief, environmental influence and coming of age. The poetic techniques Herrick used to explore these themes are clearly shown throughout his verse novel â€Å"By the River†. As an audience we watch Harry Hodby go from child to adolescence and observe the various changes of life in a country town.

Labor Economics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Labor Economics - Article Example This should be done even if inflation exceeds the central bank’s target 2%. As Mr. Ball is proposing keeping the short-term interest rate near zero, the Fed is expected to start raising their benchmark short-term interest rate from near zero if the US economy continues to improve. In fact, the Fed’s updated economic forecasts show that unemployment is expected to fall from 5.5% to as low as 4.8% by the end of 2017. Mr. Ball’s thinking is that the Fed can do more by pushing the unemployment rate lower than 5%, albeit temporarily, to create more jobs. Bringing the unemployment rate below 5% could enable some discouraged workers to re-enter the labour market, the unemployed find work, and the involuntary part-time workers find full-time jobs. He proposes that the interest rates be kept near zero well past the end of 2015. The article notes that the Fed officials are worried that the period Mr. Ball is proposing for keeping the interest rates near zero is too long and the inflation could rise too high or fuel detrimental financial bubbles. But the president of Chicago Fed, Charles Evans, agrees with Mr. Ball’s views and states that raising the rates too soon would cripple the economic recovery and thus the Fed should keep them low until early 2016. The article reports that Mr. Ball notes that the Fed can afford to err on the side of too much stimulus rather than too little of it in order to guard against a deflationary spiral. He therefore warns against raising the short term interest rates in 2015 terming such move as imprudent. I agree that keeping the interest rates near zero will drive the unemployment rates lower than 5% and therefore keeping it low will be beneficial. The kind of unemployment the US is currently facing is majorly a cyclical inflation as the recession put most people out of jobs. While interest rates are an

Living and Working in a Hypermedia World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Living and Working in a Hypermedia World - Essay Example Living and Working in a Hypermedia World What this means is that we will be living in a hypermedia world, and this will affect every corner of every aspect of our lives. The connection of billions of sites with social networks has been going on for some time now. Every commercial site wants to leverage the access to social networks and asks visitors to â€Å"like† them or log in using their FaceBook or other social network logon. The next step is to connect devices beyond smartphones and tablets, such as embedded chips in home appliances, automobiles and building systems (Research ). Social and machine data will be travelling the same routes synchronizing and upgrading the world. Literally every working machine will sport a chip to send and receive data over the Internet. Devices that control home environments and appliances will only be part of the mix. The media giants are planning to converge with their audiences. Voice controls will be everywhere, and libraries of books, magazines, videos and movies are already stored in the cloud for universal access. These are all available on home computer, tables, laptops, smartphones and smart TVs. Virtually anything equipped with a screen can be streamed to and listened to on Bluetooth headsets or speakers attached or wireless. Onstream Media CEO Randy Selman boasts that more than half of the Fortune 1000 are their customers (Kleinmann 87-87)(Kleinmann 87-87). Virtually all financial institutions are gearing up to offer total remote service via smart devices for their highly mobile populations. Paying for vending machine goods and various entry and travel tickets have been set up to connect with smart devices for some time now, and banks, S&Ls and brokers are jumping in not to be left behind by more cutting edge organizations, such as ING Direct and Netbank (Kleinmann 87-87). Other businesses are either in the second round of rethinking their Internet use, after initial dotcoms and second wave interactive sites they are all moving into social ne tworking, and social networking is mushrooming out of control. Maybe that’s a good thing. One cannot be certain at this point. People tend to prefer order to chaos, but chaos is also much more anonymous. So people flocked to what they thought was an anonymous medium due to the very vastness of the resources stored there. However, search engines are getting better and people who want to make money are getting craftier about sorting through it. The Internet represents ordered chaos, as it changes every nanosecond, but everything on it seems to be immortal. We have more knowledge (data in human usable form) available today on our little smartphones than existed in all the world’s libraries a century ago. The most valuable skill for the future will be the ability to find what one needs in this planet of data. The Internet not only survived 9/11, but it was the best available communications network in the US at that time. TV and radio news was â€Å"filtered†, phone and cell phone networks crashed, but the Internet stayed up and running, routing and rerouting around every bottleneck and crashed server . The messages all went through, even to recipients who could no longer receive them. The Internet has shown it is robust due to its wide dissemination and connected isolation. Each node on the Internet is separate, running on a different physical server and part of thousands of backbones. However, they are also all connected when running.

Antibiotic Resistant Bactria Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Antibiotic Resistant Bactria - Lab Report Example Through natural selection mechanism, the organisms that survive the killer antibiotic give rise to a new generation of resistant bacteria. This article analyzes various ways on how the menace of drug resistance can be curbed. To achieve the objectives, the article focuses on research done by experts on the issues and possibilities of mending any loopholes in the research so as to eliminate cases of drug resistance. Available data in the heath sector shows that some of the diseases that medical practitioners used to cure with ease are becoming more expensive and difficult to cure. Moreover, the WHO (world health organization) has a recently been announcing the rising trend in the demand of new types of antibiotic. In this, the global body claims that the existing antibiotics have consistently been failing to eliminate some microorganisms, Ochiai (2011). The data has clearly indicated that the cases of drug resistance by microbial is on a rising spree. Though the data is consistent with the many deaths resulting from formerly curable diseases, experts have not been able to provide sufficient evidence of new resistant mechanisms apart from the ancient rationale of gene resistance, p. 158. To close the information gap, Collins (2002) suggests that researchers have to find out a justification for the new resistance mechanism. Among the many techniques that used to eliminate cases of drug resistance, completion of antibiotic dosage has proved to be quite reliable. Shnayerson & Plotkin (2003) declare that when a patient successive undergoes a complete antibiotic therapy, microbial is given little time to mutate. In the circumstance that the treatment is not completed, a new generation of bacteria that cannot be eliminated with that particular drug would begin p.526. On the other hand, introduction of a mild form of bacteria in the form of vaccination has failed to curb resistance. Coates (2012) asserts that the immune

How does sociology and psychology influence drug abuse in our society Research Paper

How does sociology and psychology influence drug abuse in our society - Research Paper Example The competition and struggle for existence and better living standards are growing day by day in the current societies which actually increase the stress levels of the common public. The current public is tied up with so many commitments both at their family, society and workplaces. It is difficult for them to avoid any of such commitments and hence the struggle for fulfilling such commitments is giving sleepless nights and restless efforts both day and night. Under such tremendous pressure, it is difficult for a lay man to stay calm or relaxed even if he gets some leisure time. Such people often use either alcohol or drugs in order to forget about their worries and to stay away from their commitments at least for a while. Thus social and psychological factors are equally prominent in drug abuse cases. â€Å"Societies define not only the meaning of drugs but also the meaning of the drug experience; these definitions differ radically among different societies and among subgroups and subcultures within the same society. Social groups and cultures define what kind of drug taking is appropriate. They define which drugs are acceptable and which are not. They define who takes drugs and why. They decide what amounts of each drug are socially acceptable. They spell out which social situations are approved for drug use and which are not. They define what drugs do, what their actions and effects on people will be† (Knopf, 1972). Drugs are normally used to cure diseases. Some drugs have the ability to change the moods of a person. Such drugs are utilized for treating mental patients in order to change their moods or bring back their mental equilibrium. Society has no objection in utilizing such drugs for treating mental patients. On the other hand normal persons who use same drug for getting some pleasant mood are misusing it as per the sociological perspective. Thus the same drug used on different occasions is

Interpretation & evaluation of one theory belonging to H.L.A. Hart in Term Paper

Interpretation & evaluation of one theory belonging to H.L.A. Hart in book 'Concept of Law' - Term Paper Example However, his perception on positivism may be defined as the pinnacle of his argument. The central perception that makes this topic outstanding in the ears of the audience is the compelling attitude which it triggers from both convictions. Harts seems to perceive a differing conviction on legal positivism as compared to Ronald Dworkin. The focus of this essay will be narrowed on evaluating the perception embraced by H. L. A. Hart, and subsequently evaluating its contribution to contemporary law. Hart presents a valid argument over the challenges anticipated in the dispensation of the law, however, he does not offer an acceptable path towards the establishment of the proposed solutions to the problem. Interpretation The topic of legal positivism has been re-evaluated accordingly following the erupt of various thinkers airing a varying opinion on the subject. The central argument has been the interrelation shared by the theory and other models of the law, especially on the aspect of sum mation (Coleman 64). Hart argument is distributed in phases, where there exists the primary phase and the secondary phase of execution. The central argument aired by H. L. A. Hart is that the primary rules implicate or impose the observation of the law. This understanding is best exemplified via criminal law, where the law is exercised directly against the injustices and atrocities committed. H. L. A. Hart proceeds to argue that for the primary law to be effective, there needs to be a set of regulation that enacts its enforcement. To this, H. L. A. Hart presented the existence of the secondary phase of law. His assertion on the secondary phase identified various check mechanisms that steer towards the realization of an effective justice system (Hart 89). H. L. A. Hart harbours an opinion that the exercise of the law revolves around the presence of a sufficient check system that ensures its observation is based or founded on the platform of fairness and equity. In the quest to offer an elaborate illustration of this perception, H. L. A. Hart proceeds to illustrate a set of options that are embroiled under the secondary phase. This is captured under a set of rules that aim at reinforcing the continuity of the primary phase. In his opinion, the rules include the rule of the acknowledgement where the public is invited to share opinions on the course taken by the law. Subsequently, the stipulations of the law will further be analyzed via the involvement of supplementary quantification mechanism. On reference, there are options such as the rule of alterations, commonly referred to as the rule of change. The central argument aired alongside this proposal is the perception that rules can be established, altered or redeveloped to match the task of reference (Hart, 78). This implies that the law is never static; a fundamental understanding which Hart believes can only be reinforced via the embrace of the secondary phase of law. Subsequently, Hart is convinced that their desires to be established a set of stipulations that are to be undertaken upon the corruption of the law. This includes issues such as immediate therapy upon the dissemination of the inappropriate or erroneous law. On this regard, Hart proposes the embrace of the rule of Adjudication as a methodology of ensuring that the dissemination of the law is undertaken via the justified manner. A deeper analysis of this perception indicates that the incidences upon which the law is observed

Kidney Function and Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kidney Function and Alcohol - Essay Example The first process, i.e. Ultrafiltration means filtration under immense pressure and takes place in the Bowman’s capsule. A hydrostatic pressure develops in the capsule because the efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole owing to which water, glucose, amino acids, urea and salts enter the capsule from the glomerulus through podocytes (McNaught & Callander, 1975). The second process, i.e. Reabsorption helps to return useful constituents back into the blood stream. Reabsorption takes place in the convoluted tubules as well as in the Loop of Henle. Active Reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule where entire glucose, sodium, potassium, uric acid and 75% water is reabsorbed. After this the liquid enters the Loop of Henle where further salts and water are again reabsorbed. Almost 80% of the water Reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule and the Loop of Henle by obligatory Reabsorption. It is during Reabsorption that a counter cu rrent mechanism occurs and the urine is made hypertonic by regular exchange of sodium ions between the limbs of the Loop of Henle. Next, the urine passes into the distal convoluted tubule where the Reabsorption of water is initiated by a hormone named ADH or Vasopressin. Vasopressin or ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland and play an important role in regulating the amount of urine formed. Absence of ADH in the distal convoluted tubule decreases Reabsorption of water and hence large amounts of urine is passed whereas increased amount of ADH, increases Reabsorption of water and the quantity of urine passed is much less. The last process is called Tubular secretion which takes place in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting tubules. Tubular secretion is the opposite mechanism of tubular Reabsorption. Here, potassium ions are secreted to maintain the pH of the blood while sodium is reabsorbed by rennin-angiotensin mechanism (Dunn & Donnelly, 2008, pp79). After thi s the urine formed is voided through the urethra via the act of micturition. The kidneys not only help in elimination of harmful substances but also play an important role in maintaining blood volume. Kidneys are able to retain water and sodium, owing to hormone vasopressin and rennin-angiotensin mechanism help in regulating the blood volume too. Alcohol consumption is detrimental for the body in more ways than just one. It affects the liver, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system and is a major cause of disease such as liver cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, cancer etc (Barclay et al, 2008). Both chronic and acute alcohol consumption is known to have adverse effects on the body especially on the excretory system because it taxes the kidneys heavily. Alcohol consumption impairs the efficiency of the kidneys and disturbs the fluid and electrolytic balance of the body. It has been observed that within half an hour of alcohol consumption, urine is excreted. The increase d loss of fluid through urine excretion leads to concentration of the electrolytes present in the blood. This is in fact the major reason that causes dehydration in people who consume alcohol. We are already aware of the fact that urine output depends largely on Anti-Diuretic hormone or Vasopressin. Vasopressin induces fluid conservation by the kidneys thereby concentrating the urine output. In the absence of this effect, the kidneys fail to conserve any fluid because of

Three Essential Qualities of Leadership Essay Example for Free

Three Essential Qualities of Leadership Essay What is a leader? According to Kouzes and Posner, leadership is â€Å"the art of mobilizing others to want to struggle for a shared aspiration†, and indeed, these men go further to posit that leadership transcends a certain mode of behavior, rather, that it is an active set of skills and qualities that is clearly apparent. (Kouzes Posner, 2012) An essential quality then, is a quality in leader that is necessary to achieving the goal of inspiring subordinates to said struggle. This essay will attempt to identify the three essential qualities of leadership from a stimulus, namely an episode of Undercover Boss. The three essential qualities that can be extrapolated from the film are competency, charisma and consistency, as these skills have been shown to inspire colleagues to action and breed trust between the leader and his or her charges, which is key to successful communication (Bordum, 2005) which is the foundation for the execution of the former. Competency in leaders gives the leader credibility in the eyes of his subordinates, which in turn inspires confidence in and thus a willingness to submit to said leader’s leadership. We examine this phenomenon through the example of Walter, a day manager at Waste Management. Although Walter suffers from a crippling ailment that requires him to be under dialysis a large part of the week, Walter is still able to carry out his job well, making him a role model for his new recruit, whom his story inspired to at least try to do better. In today’s modern and increasingly liberal world, leaders are no longer conferred their title through blood relations or rank. In today’s world, a leader must live up to the expectation of the people he leads- he or she must make sure his subordinates actively want to submit to his or her leadership. (Kouzes Posner, 2011) The foundation of the leader- subordinate relationship is credibility, which creates trust in the leader and which is key to inspiring subordinates to action. (Bordum, 2005) Walter’s extreme proficiency even in the face of his handicap is a display of his merit, that his leadership position was well deserved, thus breeding in his subordinates a willingness to struggle for a shared aspiration, thus making competency an essential quality of leadership. Next, consistency in leaders breeds trust in the leader, which goes towards maintaining the credibility gained from competency (as we have discussed in the previous paragraph) and thus, while it does not actively serve to gain credibility or inspire on its own, but rather helps maintain the level of credibility created through the leader’s skill set. We examine the example of Jaclyn, another manager at Waste Management. Due to downsizing in the company, Jaclyn is made to juggle the workloads of multiple jobs, and is underpaid and struggling to pay her taxes. Despite her many woes, Jaclyn still keeps up a positive attitude, and consistently performs her tasks well, earning her respect and credibility in her subordinates. It is a common adage that succeeding once is easy, but doing it consistently, is much more difficult. As mentioned earlier, leaders are being judged by their subordinates, who hold their leaders to high expectations, which are to be fulfilled consistently. Should the leader disappoint in this respect, the leader loses his or her credibility (Kouzes and Posner, 2011) However, a leader that consistently lives up to the standards is a leader that will actively maintain if not increase her credibility, as consistent competency inspires trust in said leader’s subordinates (Whipple, 2002) , in turn creating credibility, and as discussed in the former paragraph, this credibility goes towards inspiring others into the struggle for the shared aspiration. Jaclyn’s consistency in her performance, in the face of difficulty looming over her, grants her trust in her subordinates, thus allowing her to mobilize them towards their shared aspiration. Hence we see how consistency links into the maintenance of a leader’s credibility, allowing the leader to continue mobilizing subordinates towards a common goal. Finally, charisma is an important quality of leadership as it helps a leader communicate an aspiration to the group and influences subordinates to want to partake in the aspiration, thus creating the shared aspiration. For example, a manager that supervises the cleaning of portable toilets for Waste Management uses this charisma to help his subordinate find the job fun. Charisma is an important part of leadership as charismatic leaders are emotionally expressive, eloquent, charming (House, Spangler and Woycke, 1991) and are thus able to communicate a goal to their subordinates and persuade them to sacrifice personal aspirations to partake in a common goal, mobilizing them toward a shared aspiration (Fiske, Gilbert and Lindzey, 2010) In the example, the manager was able to communicate the objective of cleaning toilets, but uses his charisma in order to win over his subordinate, and allow them to share the objective of cleaning out the toilets. Thus we see how central charisma is in generating the shared aspiration in the first place, and in conjunction with the two qualities mentioned previously, help encourage and mobilize subordinates to action, thus making it a quality essential to leadership The three skills of consistency, competency and charisma are thus important- essential, if you will- qualities for being a good leader, and inspiring one’s colleagues into action towards a common objective References: Bordum, A. (2005). Trust and leadership. CBS OpenArchive. Retrieved from http://openarchive.cbs.dk/handle/10398/7671 House, RJ., Spangler,WD. Woycke, J. (1991) Personality and charisma in the us presidency: a psychological theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), pp 394-396. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2393201?uid=3738992uid=2uid=4sid=21101663020273 Kouzes, J. Posner, B. (2011) Credibility: how leaders gain and lose it, why people want it. John Wiley. and Sons Inc Kouzes, J., Posner, B. (2012). The leadership challenge. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Lindzey, G., Fiske, S., Gilbert, D. (2010). Handbook of social psychology. (Vol. 2). John Wiley and Sons Inc. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Pye5IkCFgRYCpg=PA1194dq=charisma in leadershiphl=ensa=Xei=i4kgUZ7EMMTtrAe7jYHYCwved=0CDsQ6AEwAg Whipple, R. (2002). Consistency can help leaders prevent lack of trust. Rochester Business Journal, Retrieved from http://webs.zd-cms.com/cms/res/files/371/RBJArticle112902.pdf

Ukraine Facts Essay Example for Free

Ukraine Facts Essay Ukraine is located in southeastern Europe, occupying the northern shore of the Black Sea. Its former ruler, Russia, borders it to the east and northeast, with Belarus to the north and Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Moldova to the west. Europe’s second-largest nation (behind Russia), it occupies 603,700 square miles in area, 56% percent of which includes rich arable land, found in the nation’s plains (steppes) and plateaus; only the far western and Crimean regions are relatively mountainous and the nation’s highest point, Hora Hoverla, is 6762 feet above sea level (The World Factbook). The Dnieper River, Ukraine’s most important waterway, bisects the country and is the location of the capital, Kiev. Its climate and precipitation vary greatly, with the Crimea enjoying a Mediterranean climate and cool winters. The remainder of the country is temperate, with generally warm summers and winters varying from moderately to extremely cold. History Though modern Ukrainian independence arrived in 1991, after the Soviet Union dissolved, it was a strong nation in the tenth and eleventh centuries, before internal divisions and foreign invasions placed it under Polish and Lithuanian rule for several centuries. Between the mid-seventeenth and late eighteenth centuries, Ukrainian Cossacks (the nomadic peoples known for their horsemanship and fighting skill) helped win the nation its independence. However, Ukraine fell under Russian rule in the late eighteenth century and remained Russian-controlled, except for a brief period between 1917 and 1920. During Russia’s rule, Ukraine was afflicted by famines (particularly in 1921-22 and 1932-33) which killed over eight million citizens, and it suffered considerably during World War II, losing an additional eight million during the Nazi invasion and subsequent Soviet offensive (The World Factbook). Though Ukraine achieved independence again in 1991, it remained a dictatorship under some degree of Russian control, afflicted by corruption that stymied efforts at political and economic reform. The 2004 election of reformer Viktor Yushchenko as president (despite the opposition’s efforts to rig the election and poison the pro-democracy candidate) marks a potential turning point in Ukrainian history Culture Despite its long periods of foreign occupation, Ukraine has managed to retain its distinctive culture, particularly its language, which closely resembles Russian and uses the Cyrillic alphabet like most other Slavic languages. However, its ethnic minorities continue to use their own languages, though (mainly Russian, with small pockets of Poles, Rumanians, and Hungarians). Communist rule discouraged religion, but since 1991 Ukraine’s religious practices revived, with slightly less than half of the population adhering to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Slightly more than one-third of Ukrainians still practice no religion or belong to no church, while there also rather small minorities of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews (The World Factbook). After attaining independence, Ukraine was slow to adopt democracy, though calls for reform and Yushchenko’s election signal the nation’s desire to orient itself toward Western Europe and adopt both democracy and a free-market economy. Its economy, initially slow to prosper, has opened itself to foreign business and improved within the last few years. REFERENCES Anonymous. (1996). Welcome to Ukraine. Retrieved 30 January 2006 from http://www. ukraine. org/. (2006). CIA – The World Factbook – Ukraine. Retrieved 30 January 2006 from http://www. cia. gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/up. htm

Analysis of Marks and Spencers Marketing Mix Executive Summary

Analysis of Marks and Spencers Marketing Mix Executive Summary Marks Spencer is one of the most renowned and oldest retailers of Britain. It was found in 1894 through the partnership of Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer. The first store was opened in Manchester and the company was based on primary values emphasizing on high quality, value for money, service, innovation, and trust. Due to these corollaries, the organization experienced a great success which led to national and global expansions. Today, it is one of the largest clothing retailers with 895 stores in more than 40 countries around the world. Its also listed on the London stock Exchange and FTSE 100 index. The companys current main products include clothing range, home ware and food products with a supply chain of more than 2000 suppliers globally. Nevertheless, the company started facing problems due to the various reasons such as outdated fashion products that were not on par with the fashion trends. This was primarily due to the fact that it lost focus on their central business by introducing a wide range of products that were not compatible with their core competencies. This led rivals to steal the market share. In order to tackle these issues MS decided to move into the Chinese market where they saw better and wider opportunities. Why Chinese market? China is the worlds third largest economy (behind the USA and Japan in US$ terms) and the country has the largest population of 1.3 billion (in 2008) making it one of the fastest growing economies. When the recession hit the worlds economy and the leading retail markets like US and Europe the companies were looking for opportunities to expand and diversify the risk. China was one of these markets that were not affected by the economic downturn. In 2009 its retail sales hit  ¥12.5 trillion ($1.8 trillion), an increase of 15.5% from the previous year. This was due to the continuous rise in the same year of the per capita disposable income which amounted to  ¥17,175 ($2,515). http://chinabusinessreview.net/public/1005/lu.html In 2008, MS opened its flagship store in Nanjing Road, Shanghai. However, the outcome of this venture was not as successful as expected due to several problems ranging from product incompatibilities to superstitious beliefs. The first section of the paper highlights the current financial performance of the company. This is followed by an exploration of the problematic marketing mix that contributed to the failure of the firm in China. After which, recommendations will be provided for MS to use as a turn around strategy. othman Financial highlights: The financial and trading performance is the measurement of the results of a firms policies and operations in monetary terms. These results are reflected in the firms return on investment, debt to equity ratio and many other ratios (Dictionary, 2010). A ratio is one value divided by another. The result is representative of the value of one quantity in term of another (Ross, Westerfield, Jordan, 2006). During this section the light will be put on the financial aspect of Marks and Spencers business to assess whether its financial situation is adequate or if there is any loopholes that the company might have to consider in the future. For a matter of better understanding, the financial key performance indicators will be compared to TESCOs ratios. Income: From these figures, it can be seen that Marks and Spencer has be gradually increasing its net revenues. However, even if they increased, its net income and earnings per share decreased. This can be explained by the investments that have been carried out by the company to realize its internationalization strategy. Not all of these investments have been successful as some did not succeed like in France for instance where the company decided to close all its stores and exit the market. Indeed, they abandoned their opportunity to expand in France but the cost to exist was relatively expensive mainly because of the labor force protection by the French Government (Global Oneness, 2010). Revenue by region: Stock performance: Ratios: In short term solvency, it can be said that the company is managing normally its activities in an inefficient way. Indeed, if it was to pay its short term debt immediately, the company would just be able to cover around 80% of them. If Tesco is taken as an example, its current ratio is 345% (Yahoo Finance, 2010) which means that Tesco is more secure financially than Marks and Spencer. Thus, investors would be willing to invest more in Tesco. This situation also spread bad image for the company in its financial circle which can have the effect of reducing the investing power of the company. Regarding the long term situation, the level of Asset-to-equity and Debt-to-equity ratios show that the company have a large part of its assets financed by Debt. Consequently, it highlights a high level of financial leverage, approximately 64%; which is supported more by the debt ratio. Problematic areas of Business: nafisa Marketing mix Porduct: Clothing It is crucial in fashion industry to get the product right. In the past decade, MS had downturns of business and brand image related to its apparel getting old fashioned. Although analysts say they have recovered, they seem repeating product mistakes in Chinese market as well. Experts in fashion, have identified key issues that may lead a fashion product to fail. According to Jackson and Shaw (2009), here are the common reasons why fashion products fail: poor or outdated design; poor sizing or fit; unfashionable or irrelevant styles/prints/colours; poor positioning or in-store presentation; poor value or uncompetitive price; poor or non-existent consumer awareness of the product and/or its availability; hyper strong competitive offers elsewhere. Researches and analyses on the MS expansion to Chinese market indicate that all above points were relevant to their products. 4.1.2 Sizing Each clothing retail brand has its basic pattern block that probably has been made after studying target groups measurements and taking the average from that. Marks Spencers typical apparel customer is a woman after 40s who prefers comfortable fit and quality. This has affected MS fashion and sizing as well. Customers complain MS clothes and underwear are larger compared to the same sized item from another shops. In mass production of several thousands of pieces of garments, shrinking the measurement in to unnoticeable 1 cm may make noticeable reduction in cost. Therefore fashion is created according to feasibility, cost effectiveness of the designs and it is influencing the way clothes fit and the sizing as well. The reason why MS clothes seem greater compared to cheaper rivals is actually can be explained by the philosophy of not compromising on quality. Average size in Chinese apparel industry is smaller than European size in every dimensions. It is shorter; sleeves are 2 inches shorter, sizes up to 16-18. In Europe it is up to 26. When a fashion retailer enters a new market, it is important to research consumers sizes, body structure, and culture. Because these things influence peoples fashion tastes and clothing culture. Style and Fashion: In the Chinese market, MS offering large size garments that pleased expatriates who struggle to find their size in shops, which target average Chinese women. However, Chinese customers showed very low interest, as the clothes are too big and too simple. MS is a department store that tries to meet the needs of all age groups with different needs. Where as competitors try to focus on one segment and one fashion concept and therefore perform effectively. The brands failure of drawing young Chinese peoples attention could be due the failure of Everything for all positioning in general. Fast fashion requires the retailer to focus on certain, preferable well-specified segment (like Zaras, classy chic over 20s). May be it is time for MS to give in-house brands independence and expose number of different brands, keeping MS just a store name. Diversified products result in bigger and slower supply chain. Because competitors are adopting efficient and quick product turnover, smaller and faster batches, MS clothes, when arrived to stores cannot stand the competition. Costumers find them out of fashion. Brand value is a key for success in fashion industry. Fast moving, better-positioned and low price competitors are jeopardizing brand value of once famous clothing retailer with heritage. Celebrating its 125 birthday, MS resembles older generation fashion and in store brands and young celebrities used as brand ambassadors not helping to attract 20-25 year olds although they are helping to retain more customers whod switch to competitors otherwise. According to research by Datamonitor, more than 75% of shoppers in the food halls of MS, are over 45. In the fashion department the problem is worse: 65% of its main clothing shoppers were aged over 55, as were those who accounted for 48% of spending on MS clothing last year. (http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/22/bolland-marks-spencer-problems ) hassan Food: Limited range and Long life food products: Marks and Spencer has been criticized by its Chinese customers that the food products in shelves were produced a long time ago from the date of purchase. So there is only a small portion of fresh products and also the range and variety is limited. Majority of products are approaching towards expiry date. The food items contain preservatives that effect taste of products. Further research shows that a large amount of products were destroyed due to expiry, spoilage and bad conditions. Almost all products are made in UK so this leads to customers perception of Marks Spencer as a British store. Research shows that the main reason for above mentioned problems is that Marks and Spencer imports its products from UK. It takes a significant time in shipment of goods from UK to China due to enlarged supply chain cycle involved. A portion of products is deteriorated due to inefficiencies in handling, storing and transportation procedures. Branding issue Marks and Spencer brands all its products under its trade name MS. this brand name appear strange to Chinese people and they have translated it into a Chinese term. Also this brand name has no direct linkage with products. This is due to company policy towards branding and trends in UK market as much of retailers such as Tesco brands their products under their trade name. 4.2.3 Packaging issue: Marks Spencer customers are finding product packs confusing and misleading. Research reveals a customer complains that he bought a packet assuming it to be biscuits but when he opened it were snacks. The above problem is a result of standardized strategy towards packaging and labeling. The labeling lacks Chinese description and also rich in text and without product images. othman Marketing Mix Price: When setting the price of a product, the company must understand perfectly its cost and the customer value perception for the product (Armstrong, Harker, Kotler, Brennan, 2009). Marks and Spencer did surely understand these points when operating in UK and in other successful countries but not when it came to China as the company failed to set the price correctly. Normally, the price the company charges will fall somewhere between one that is too high to produce any demand and one that is too low to generate any revenue (Armstrong, Harker, Kotler, Brennan, 2009). These are the extremes and Marks and Spencer leaned far too much to the high price end. As a result, the company found it very hard to sell its product and generate profit for a viable business in China. One example would be the cashmere scarves that Marks and Spencer was selling or pretending to sell, as no one bought them, at  £50 where it was possible to get them for far less at nearby stores (Moore, 2009). However, in some cases the prices of products were convenient but the customers still did not buy them. The reason is primarily that Marks and Spencer did come late. Indeed, Wal-Mart and Carrefour were there before and had more than enough time to impose their respective brands and enjoy the lions part (Crabbe, 2010). Marketing Mix Place: When entering a new market, one of the crucial decision that a company has to make is choosing the right location to open in. indeed, the location is one of the key factors to a business success firstly due to of being the least flexible of the strategic retailing issues and secondly, because the location set the geographical boundaries of the trading area from which the store draws its customers (William Ferrell, 2010). As a result, in the following paragraph will discuss the problems related to the Marks and Spencer stores in China. Marks and Spencer has opened since 2008 two stores in China, one in Huaihai Road in Shanghai, the equivalent of Londons Oxford Street (City Focus, 2010). And the other one is in Yuyuan Garden, Shanghai major attraction and commercial hub (City in pulse, 2010). These stored, especially the first one, has suffered poor trading in the last months. This was due to many factors but the discussion will only focus on location related issues. The first issue concerning the location was the first store opened. Marks and Spencer had chosen one of the most popular streets in Shanghai because it wanted to show its brand reputation and refined stores. But at the same time, the company wanted to expand quickly and as a result the store was not ready to welcome the new Chinese customers. Indeed the walls were scuffed and the paint job was poor (Moore, 2009). As the old adage confirm, the first impression is the last impression and by failing to make a good one in the Grand opening of its first store, Marks and Spencer condemned itself of having a bad image in China. The second issue was that the company underestimated the differences in operating in China and Hong Kong, therefore using the same strategy to find the store location in China. Indeed, Sir Stuart Rose admitted to the Financial Times during his visit to the Shanghai store that Marks and Spencer did misunderstood the Chinese mainland market, assuming that its experience in Hong Kong could be directly transferred to this market (News, 2009). vaishali Marketing Mix Promotion: Brand awareness: One of the major problems with Marks and Spencers (MS) venture into China is the fact that many local people were not aware of the brand. In fact, one of the articles regarding MS in China talks about local men saying weve never heard of this company. Many female shoppers also claimed to be unfamiliar with the brand. Although it is a well-known British company with many outlets overseas, it is fairly unknown amongst Chinas local public. This means that there is a lack of brand awareness and advertising as the locals do not have much knowledge of its history. As a result of this, many customers would not be instantly drawn to it as they do not recognize it. Lack of familiarity discourages people to enter the stores which will inherently affect sales. Other issues: teja Supply chain: Global supply chain management is an important area for MS in its expansion to China. Global supply chain management involves the companys worldwide interests. In Chinas expansion it is noticeable that the supply chain related issues are based on the following areas. Timing Proper timing in approaching a market gives advantages for a company. For example first movers in a market always have advantages in gaining profits. Chinas retail industry has grown rapidly during the recent history. The move of MS to China was taken during the recession. Even though China was less affected by recession due to its closed financial system, the worldwide demand for Chinese exports were decreasing. It was a time when cash strapped consumers were moving away from expensive ready cooked meals and thinking about buying the cheaper substitutes instead of the expensive. Luxury ready prepared meal that is the mainstay of Marks and Spencers offering. Marks and Spencer dont have enough flexibility to move  their offerings at the time of Moving to China.   The result is loss of customers to competitors and it will become difficult to recover them when economic times get better. Institutional Factors Product controls, government regulations, tariffs affects supply chains. When MS initially started the business in China the company had lots of difficulties in getting products into the country. Chinese custom officials blocked MS goods. This situation created empty shelves in the food department of the store. (http://www.jddchina.com, 2010) Corruption and government bureaucracy remain a major issue in China. Business activities and financial related activities can take a lot more time than comparing with UK and the administration costs remain extremely high. The higher amount of control in the economy by the government creates policy uncertainty. This uncertainty exists as a major challenge for businesses operating in China. Integration According to the experience of successful international businesses in China such as Sara, HM and Tesco, it is necessary to take a long view in China. Existing products should not be transplanted into Chinese markets without making them localized. In the localization process it is necessary to have a proper integration with the local talents that can create better customer links. Nilesh Superstitious beliefs: Although China is one of the big and a great country in all the aspects of the world but still they have lots of superstitious beliefs. Marks and Spencer in china has suffered from these kinds of beliefs. China has a main impact of Feng Shui. Feng Shui is widely used to orient buildings. According to the retail competitors of Marks Spencer the main store is at a cursed location of the city. This superstitious gossip was because just at the four days of opening of the Chinas main MS store there was a death of one of the man named Harshit Shah. He got killed accidently while leaning over the side of escalator (The Telegraph, 2010). As MS is in China we cant neglect these things that could have been one of the reasons of the failure for Marks Spencer in China. Most of the Chinese people have some traditional beliefs about the numbers. They consider no. 4 is associated with the death so most of the times they dont even buy products that price starting or ending by number 4. They consider number 8 for prosperity and good luck. They also skip the 4th floor in many of the buildings. Different styles forms of the Feng Shui are often used to block or reduce the negative energies that occur. According to some believers of the Feng Shui the structure of the Marks Spencers store was wrong and that led think of superstitions as one of the problems for MS in China. Recommendations: nafisa Marketing Mix Product: Clothing Researches show Chinese consumers are not familiar with MS brand. This gives an opportunity of positioning the brand differently than it is positioned in home country. The construction of store image, comprising both tangible and intangible dimensions, compounds problems of moving into international markets as consumers in the host environment are less familiar with the intangible dimensions of image, which have been built up over time with exposure to the retail company. Retail companies therefore need to fully understand the importance of image in competitive positioning and the components of store image before attempting to replicate this image and positioning overseas. Repositioning the brand can give a chance to reach the desired customer, 25-35 year old Chinese consumer with higher disposable income. With current strategy MS cannot be as successful in china as in the UK. Because older generation in China do not have high disposable income unlike their European peers. BCG researches indicated that Chinese consumer is very young. Although fashion has become global already, it still needs localization when entering a new market. Jessica Lo, of the China Market Research Group warns that western brands should not bank on Chinese consumers directly paralleling European and American shoppers when it comes to taste and aesthetic appetites. Many western companies forget to localise both their styles as well as advertising. They use celebrities and images that work in the UK and Europe, but that dont resonate with Chinese consumers. It is critical that companies get the right product selection and style and advertising image. (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6objectid=10650170 ) Marks Spencer can increase its Petite range products and bring it to Chinese market with different, localized brand. When petite sizes are average, its better to replace the name, because it may sound offensive rather than just size attribute. It is recommended that MS researches fashion preferences, consumer behaviour of Chinese people and then create an in-house brand customized for Chinese market. Similar brand should be created for menswear as well. hassan Food: Limited range and long life products: Chinese people are very conscious about their food selection because they link it directly to their good health and long life. So we recommend the following actions to be taken and implemented. Marks and Spencer should develop local production facilities so that products are produced and processed in china than importing from UK. So as a result people will get fresh products at best taste. This will also change its image from a British retailer to a local manufacturer. Develop methods and improve conditions so the preservatives are not added in the products. This can be achieved by improving packaging, storage conditions and efficient supply chain and product replacement cycle. Re-engineer the import process so the inefficiencies in handling, packaging, storing and transportation are removed to ensure minimum wastage. The freshness and pureness (no preservatives) features will be used for promotion of products as it is a successful practice now days used by high profile food manufacturers. The company executives can perceive local production as a costly operation when comparing to demand but it will increase demand in long term by bettering product image. We can also export our made in china products to other near locations like India and other markets. It will also lower the cost and will drive prices in a competitive range. Packaging: The packaging is a core area of concern as it acts in a multiple way by communicating product information and brand character. It is the first point of contact of product with customer so it should be attractive in terms of design and colour. The Chinese link longness to long life so package should be designed in long shapes and the colour are also important. As they will be attracted towards red packs which is a symbol of prosperity and avoid using black colour as it is for bad luck.( http://chinasearch.co.uk/buy/marks-and-spencer/) Package should be functional and clear so it shows the true picture and nature of product. It should be convenient for Chinese people to open as they avoid cutting things with scissors and knives. Package should be well labeled about product, brand and all relevant information. Marks and spencer should label products using a bilingual approach. Using both Chinese language and English so it will be useful for customers to read all information they need. The label can be made more attractive and functional by adding Chinese recipes. othman Marketing Mix Price: To make the prices of products more affordable and competitive, one solution would be that Marks and Spencer improves its supply chain to reduce cost: First, by exploiting the technology in its stores by introducing hand held communicators to track clothes from the distribution to the sales floor which helps to know exactly what is in the stores. The result would be a more efficient and cost effective delivery system Second, by introducing a technology that consists of counting the number of items sold by kind automatically when the transaction is handled; For clothes especially to know what items are better sold and what are the ones that have to be removed. Another suggestion would be to carry out a consumer shopping experience research to know what kind of design Chinese prefer, and what products should go together in order to get rid of unwanted products and consequently reducing the cost of unsold goods The last but not least is to make enough space between clothes and food so that the stores looks more attractive thus reducing the concern about price. Marketing Mix Place: As it was said at the beginning, the location is the less flexible asset. Consequently the suggested solution will focus more on upcoming stores. The ideal location for these future stores would be places that people can access more easily, also MS should think about starting to open small stores to catch also the low volume buyers as this type of potential customers are willing to become loyal clients but are not going to waste time in a supermarket just to buy few items. For future stores, Marks and Spencer should evaluate the relative ease if movement to and from the site, including factors such as pedestrian and vehicular traffic, parking and transportation (William Ferrell, 2010). The company should also evaluate the characteristics if the site itself: types of stores in the area and the visibility of the lot under consideration (William Ferrell, 2010). One last thing to do is to look for compatibility with neighboring stores merely because stores that complement one another d raw more customers for everyone (William Ferrell, 2010). vaishali Marketing Mix Promotion: Re-branding and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Due to the fact that the company has been battling with bad press and negative public views due to several reasons such as offering products that do not cater the needs of the market, lack of products, providing wrong sizes and superstitions due to the occurrence of a death during the opening week, MS needs to re-brand itself in order to move away from the negative connotations, erase the past image and start afresh. This can be done by changing the store look and layout. It should have colours and products that exude vibrancy and freshness. The MS logo should be re-designed in order to bring a sense of novelty. The focal signboard outside the store should grab attention and be vibrant. It can be designed with neon lights and a different shade of green, together with black in order to make it look noticeable. The window displays should also be creatively designed with mannequins dressed up in vibrant colours and innovative designs. The arrangement should grab hold of the passerbyà ¢ â‚ ¬Ã… ¸s interest, especially the female youth- which will be MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s new target market. Although this is an advertising technique, it primarily falls under re-branding the store and giving the brand a new image. All these efforts should be concentrated towards recreating a store that does not remind the customers of the old store or their views of it- it should feel new to the customers and help develop positive impressions. Another way of erasing bad memories and creating a positive image in the minds of the public is by engaging in CSR (corporate social responsibilities) activities. MS should consider taking up a project that can prove to be beneficial for Shanghai and its people. One such way is by engaging in charitable causes that help raise funds to help out some of Shanghaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s poor population. Such activities should have proper news coverage so as to disseminate the message amongst the people about MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s good, unselfish deed. This will help change the minds of at least some of the people and help develop an optimistic view of the brand. Increasing brand awareness: Due to the fact that many people were unfamiliar with the brand, MS should engage in heavy advertising. It can include various mediums, some suggestions for MS are as follows:  · Television: This is the most successful way of reaching mass-market, especially in China where it is very popular. MS should consider buying slot times during programs that have the highest viewership. For example, the China Central Television (CCTV) claims to have 600 million viewers for its daily evening news- making it the most watched news program in the world. Adverts can also be shown during the running of popular programs like the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Spring Festival Galaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (one of the highest rated show in China), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Fashion Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (on Gungxi TV, which shows the highlight from fashion shows around the world- also one of the top-rated shows) or during famous soap operas like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Wo Juà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. MS should create eye-catching ads with catchy tunes and cool graphics and also make use of famous local celebrities like Yao Ming, Zhang Ziyi and Jay Chou to establish a connection with the local people. Famous international celebri ties, like David Beckham or singer Rihanna, can also be used for TV ads to catch the attention of the expats, and these ads will still manage to get the attention of the Chinese people who also like and recognise them (celebrity branding).  · Print advertising: Newspapers are also Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s most popular advertising medium. Papers like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Jiefang Ribaoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (Liberation Daily) and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Jingji Ribaoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (Economic Daily) have high readership rates- nevertheless, these are mainly read by the working class people. In order to reach out to the youth market, MS can advertise in the popular Chinese Youth Magazine known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Zhongguo Qing Nian Baoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. Popular female magazines like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Elle Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Harperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Bazaar Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ can also feature MS adverts and it will help reach out to middle-upper class women interested in fashion. Also, television-based brochures also have high circulation rates. MS can feature its ads in the Shanghai Weekly Radio Broadcasting and TV known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Meizhou Guangbo Dianshià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸, which has a circulation of 2.8 million in Shanghai.  · Online advertising: This is the usage of the World Wide Web in order to get the message across and build interest for your brand. In China, 1/3 of the population is found online, this makes it the second largest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾internet communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ in the world. Internet is a good way of reaching out to young people, and this is important to note as they will be MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s target market for the clothing department. In China, Facebook is not as popular as websites called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾QQà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾360 Quanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s largest social networking sites). Whereby companies today are creating facebook pages to reach out to the youth market (e.g. Burberry), MS should try and join the aforementioned sites to create awareness, inform the youth about the brand and its products and encourage them to buy them. This is also a good way to connect with the

Scottish Power :: Business and Management Studies

Scottish Power Using examples from the annual report, explain how Companies Act legislation and other regulations influence the information contained therein. It is important for a business to create and maintain accurate financial records and to know about the different users of financial information. Every business has to meet internal and external reporting requirements to show its financial health and to meet legal and other requirements. The reasons why businesses therefore keep accurate records are: Â · Assessing its financial position - businesses assess their financial position every year so they know the business is making efficient use of resources to provide the necessary financial return to achieve a profit or suffered a loss. Businesses can find out if it as the ability to generate cash to ensure continued trading and to make dividend payments. This can be done by using figures from the profit/loss account and balance sheet to work out appropriate ratio such as acid test ratio, which shows the liquidity of the business. Â · Compare its performance with previous years - this can show businesses its future prospects and predict future trends to show profit and loss. Good records provide the financial data that help you operate more efficiently, thus increasing the profitability of your enterprise. This is because accurate and complete records enable you, or your accountant, to identify all your business assets, liabilities, income and expenses which, when compared to appropriate industry averages, help you pinpoint the strong and weak phases of your business operations over the years. The annual reports that I am going to use for this piece of work are from a well-established company Scottish Power. The predictable view of a company annual report and set of accounts is a glossy booklet, generally A4 size; there is an annual report in the appendices. The annual report is illustrated with photographs of the company’s directors and some of it activities, containing a chairman’s statement and other promotional or publicity material and extra material by a closely printed section carrying out complex and detailed financial data. The annual reports are for the year ending March 2004. Companies Act 1989 is to amend the law relating to company accounts; to make new provision with respect to the persons entitled for appointment as company auditors; to amend the Companies Act 1985 and certain other enactments with respect to investigations and powers to obtain information and to confer new powers exercisable to assist overseas regulatory authorities; to make new provision with respect to the registration of company charges and otherwise to amend the law relating to companies.[1] The relevant rules are in material form in the Companies Acts 1985 and

Terrorism Essay -- essays research papers

Terrorism is the unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in the furtherance of political or social objectives". This definition includes three elements: (1) Terrorist activities are illegal and involve the use of force. (2) The actions are intended to intimidate or coerce. (3) The actions are committed in support of political or social objectives. The main topic here is Terrorism and Foreign Policy. The two terms that are going to be discussed is how the war against terrorism is expanding and how American President George W. Bush misnamed his National Security Strategy. In his State of the Union address, President Bush threatened to expand the war on terrorism to countries that are developing weapons of mass destruction and nations that are â€Å"timid in the face of terror.† The president singled out three nations, North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as the â€Å"axis of evil† and that he might take military action to pre-empt the threat from their weapons of mass destruction. Although such rhetoric may simply be sabre rattling to intimidate those nations, the possibility of an expansion of the war is a real and dangerous possibility. But those three countries hardly constitute an organized alliance against the United States, as did the much more dangerous collaboration among Japan, Germany, and Italy during World War II. In fact, Iran and Iraq hate each other. And despite North Korea’s continued harbouring of a few members of the Japanese Red Army, North Korea has not actively sponsored terrorist attacks in many years. Although North Korea, Iran, and Iraq are developing (or have acquired) weapons of mass destruction, so are many other nations. According to the Pentagon, 12 countries have nuclear weapons programs, 13 nations have biological weapons, 16 countries have chemical weapons and 28 nations have ballistic missiles. Is the president prepared to attack all of those nations? What if North Korea, Iran, or Iraq has already sent intelligence opera tives or terrorists to the United States with weapons of mass destruction to lie in wait in case a strike is needed in retaliation for a U.S. attempt at regime change? Iran or Iraq might do the same to Israel. The fact is that the United States must live with an increasing number of nations that have acquired weapons of mass des... ...tegy promulgated by President Bush in September 2002 does just the opposite. It prescribes a global security strategy based on the false belief that the best and only way to achieve U.S. security is by forcibly creating a better and safer world in America's image. A better approach would be a less interventionist foreign policy. It is too late to stop al Qaeda from targeting America and Americans. The United States must do everything in its power to dismantle the al Qaeda terrorist network worldwide, but the United States must also avoid needlessly making new terrorist enemies or fuelling the flames of virulent anti-American hatred. In the 21st century, the less the United States meddles in the affairs of other countries, the less likely the prospect that America and Americans will be targets for terrorism. In sum, an apparent widening of the current war designed to enhance U.S security could have the opposite effect. http://www.workersparty.org/expanding-war-against-terrorism.html http://www.asiasource.org/asip/bello.cfm http://www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/01/29/bush.speech.txt/index.html http://www.afa.org/magazine/oct1999/1099edit.asp http://www.dsausa.org/news/director.html

Windsor Coursework

My project is about Windsor, it is to find out if it is a good or bad tourist attraction. My main aims are to find out: 1. If Windsor is a successful tourist centre? 2. Is there any conflict of interest between residents and tourists? 3. What is being done to resolve any conflict? Tourism is a tertiary segment of the working industry. A tourist is someone that travels in their country or around the world. There has been an increase in tourism worldwide, this is because of: More leisure time: the older population has increased and the when they retire they use up their leisure time by going on holiday. * Shorter working time: the number of hours an employee has to work has decreased over years. * Longer holidays with pay: it is now casual for employees to be given holidays with paid accommodation and flight tickets. * More money: salaries paid to employees have increased significantly alongside with paid holidays has given the possibility to go on holidays more than once. * Greater accessibility: the increase of transport via planes, ferries and cars have enabled more people to travel easily. The benefits of tourism is that there are more jobs available, more money is spent by the tourists which makes the area richer and the area can maintain and preserve historic sites and keep the area clean. However, there are many disadvantages of tourism. Residents complain that there is over-crowdedness due to many tourists or that too much pollution in the area and in most cases there are too many high prices being charged. There are many kinds of tourist destinations a few are: theme parks, adventure parks, museums etc. Windsor is a historic tourist centre. What makes a good place to live is more often usually a good accommodation and situated in an area with easy access to shops like supermarkets, newsagents, etc†¦ At Windsor they offer a range of attractions. Eton is where the residents live, a river, the guildhall designed by Christopher Wrenn where Prince Charles and his wife Camilla were married; they offer bus tours, the long road, Legoland and Windsor castle. Method Within the classroom, I was introduced to the Windsor project. We discussed what makes a good place for residents to live in. We looked at the benefits and costs of tourism and how at our day at Windsor we will need to write if it is a good place for residents and if there is any conflict with the tourists. For Windsor we were given questionnaires and we had to try and get a sample of five residents and if they had any problems with the tourists and we had to find five tourists to find out what they thought of Windsor if they thought Windsor was a successful tourist attraction. Windsor is in the Royal County of Berkshire, 18 miles West of Queens Park. Our coach journey took us 55 minutes. We took the A406, A40, A412 and the M4. We was given a tour by our teachers at Windsor, we got to see the guildhall, the castle, Peasecod Street and Crooked Street the shortest street in Britain. We was then given time to fill in the questionnaires. Getting time to fill in the questionnaires from the residents and tourists was the hard bit and I felt that many people felt intimidated by our group because we has a black boys in our group and there were practically no black people around and when we asked people to give a little bit of time so that we could answer a little questionnaire they refused and said â€Å"sorry, we do not have time,† this happened with the first seven/eight people we asked but eventually we started to get people to help us who were younger aged and pretty soon we filled out all of the survey, in the end it was a difficult task for my group because it took us ages to get people to help us answer our questionnaire however in the end my research was successful. When we got back to school we exchanged our results with each other and got twenty resident answers with ten male and ten female of all ages, we also got twenty tourist answers with ten male and ten female this was done so that it was more of a balanced sample. A balanced sample is important for this investigation because asking only five people in the whole of Windsor did not really mean anything. The more people we asked and questioned would make it a better survey. The forty people we asked really made it fair and more secure prediction of what Windsor tourist and resident people thought of it. To write my introduction, I had to write about what tourism is, why there was an increase in tourism since the past fifty years, I had to find the advantages and disadvantages of tourism, what type of tourist destinations there are, where in Britain it is and include a map of Windsor. The method was writing about what class work, homework and research i had to do follow by the trip to Windsor we had and had to explain if there were any difficulties to obtain the answers to the questions. I then had to make graphs of my results of the twenty male and female residents and tourists. With the graphs i had to explain what each graph represented and what it suggested. This pie chart shows the percentage of male and female tourists. This graph shows the percentage of residents that I asked for my questionnaire This graph shows the number of problems residents have in Windsor for male. This graph shows the number of benefits that 10 female residents have. This graph shows the number of problems 10 female resident's have. This graph shows the number of benefits 10 Female residents have in Windsor. This pie chart shows the percentage of male and female residents. This graph shows the number of tourists that were either from the U.K or a visitor to the U.K. This graph shows the transport that tourists used to get to Windsor. This graph shows the attraction which the tourists chose to visit whilst on their tour in Windsor. This graph shows the number of changes that tourist think had changed. This graph shows how many out of the 20 tourists recommend Windsor. EVALUATION OF METHOD Overall, the trip was successful, we had a great time and we conducted our results eventually. However, i could improve the project if it was to be done all over again by putting white boys or girls in my group. I am not trying to be racist, but people at Windsor seemed to be scared of talking to black people and it is a fact that on that day I did not see many black people in the area maybe because they are influenced by the criteria given to black people they thought we too might be trouble makers but in fact we really wanted to do our work. The fact that we had to get our results from younger members of the area really did not make my survey fair. But the girls in my class did ask the older people in the community and I was then allowed to exchange answers with them. I realised, that the questions on our survey were a bit exaggerated, we could have made them shorter and saved allot of time and it did make the tourists/residents a little bored of it. At home it was quite easy to do my research, i logged on to the Windsor council website and got all the pictures and information i needed. EVALUATION OF RESULTS My main aims were to find out: 1. If Windsor is a successful tourist centre? 2. Is there any conflict of interest between residents and tourists? 3. What is being done to resolve any conflict? 1. From my results i have found out that Windsor is a successful tourist centre, i can prove this from the above graphs by the primary data provided but not only that, whilst i was at Windsor two residents said that whilst we have lived in Windsor (approximately ten years) tourists think Windsor is not only a successful tourist centre providing many historic scenes, famous areas and fun places like Legoland, but it is a place filled with information of our history making Windsor a British historic site representative and this fact makes Britain such a visited place by tourists which brings many benefits to the area and credit for the country. This proves that the first aim has been accomplished by Windsor by making it a successful tourist centre. 2. I have also found out if there is any form of conflict between residents and tourists. Currently, as my graph shows that many residents have problems with shop prices, crowds and parking facilities. However, the council has made a separate street for residents to shop in which has lower prices than at the close attraction areas. The council has also made roads going around the tourist areas so that they can avoid the rush. Even the parking facility have improved immenselely and has made it easier for residents so as currently all the main problems have been solved. 3. There isn't really any conflict between residents and tourists. The council has tried their best to make Windsor in both favours so that they can solve any sort of conflict between them to make it a peaceful yet successful tourist centre. 4. I reckon this investigation is very accurate because the questionnaire has been asked from all ages, of all genders and of races through primary data and the exchange of a few survey answers to make it a fair and accurate test. CONCLUSION In this project, I have proved that: * Windsor is a successful tourist centre. * There is a little conflict of interest between residents and tourists. * However, the council has made sure that all problems for both sides have been solved. In this project, I have learnt the role of the council in a community. Windsor Coursework In my course work I will be investigating 3 main questions. 1. Is Windsor a successful tourist centre? 2. Is there a conflict of interest between resident and tourist? 3. What has been done to attempt in solving any conflict? I will be analyzing the benefits and drawbacks for residents who live in a location which is a popular tourist centre. I will be investigating how popular Windsor is and what factors make it in to a good tourist attraction. Windsor can be located in the county of Berkshire. From London to Windsor via coach it approximately took an hour. Tourism Tourism is when people from overseas or other cities have a holiday or day out in other certain areas for recreational or leisure purposes. Tourists can sometimes spend up to a single day or several weeks at the area they are touring .There are many types of tourist destinations such as beaches in Spain, mountains in Kenya, ice regions in the alps, religious pilgrimage like in Mecca and historical like Windsor. Tourist is the term used for a group of people that are touring a certain area. There are many advantages of tourism. Tourism creates opportunities and provides a vast amount of jobs. Tourism makes a city richer, due to the tourist staying over at hotels and eating at restaurants, these places all pay tax to the government which gives the government more money to spend. Like for example Windsor is a rich area because the tourist spend a lot of money and the council use the money to develop the area .Tourism increases the popularity of a certain area and also builds a reputation for the place, when a lot of tourist come they will recommend it to other or re visit which makes even more tourist come. Tourism provides understanding and interaction with different races and cultures. However there are many disadvantages of tourism. Tourism causes overcrowding; so many people densely packed in tourist attractions for example Oxford Street. Tourism also causes annoyance to the residents as they ask questions for directions etc. Tourism increases noise pollution and pollution as they have places to go, and places to see they will be using a lot of transport like buses and cars which causes more global warming, this is also connected to the increase of traffic on the streets. Many factors are required to build up a good tourist centre. A good tourist centre must have many facilities of good quality to satisfy the needs of a tourist. In a good tourist centre there must be restaurants to eat, hotels to stay over for how ever long their stay is. There should be a leisure and sports centre. There should be a hospital if there is a problem with a tourist's health. Good tourist's attractions must provide toilets, places of entertainment, gyms, places of worship and shopping centres. There must be a main attraction for example France has the Eiffel tower and Windsor has Windsor castle. A good place to live in needs to provide cheap transport like buses and train, as some families may not be able to afford a car. There needs to be places of education such as public school and colleges. There must be emergency services such as, fire brigades, ambulances, police officers. Of course there needs to be chemist and hospitals to look after the health of residents. Cheap shops, cheap super markets are required so families can buy food, clothing, and house hold goods for cheap prices. Tourism has now increased in our modern society because of today's transport which is much better and quicker, we are now able to get to the other side of the world in a matter of hours, 100 years ago we didn't have Heathrow, British airlines, national express etc. Now it's easier to use aero planes just simply book the ticket, trains are much faster gets you from destination A to B overcoming the problem of traffic, we have motorways and companies that let people travel in coaches .The world is much richer now so more people have money in their hands to spend, plus more people would like to go and enjoy holidays for relief of stress. People now days want to spend their money on leisure with family and friends. Instead of wanting to stay at home people desire to seek and visit other places for enjoyment. What is Windsor? Windsor is a small town located to the West of London on the outskirts just off the M4 at junction 6. You can get to Windsor by train, Windsor & Eton Riverside Rail Station; or at Windsor & Eton Central Rail Station or can travel on a bus/coach prices may vary with different agencies. Windsor is a popular tourist centre and is known as a historical attraction. Windsor has many attributes which makes it famous like Windsor castle, Windsor Great Park, the crooked house, the guild hall, Lego land, river and Peasecod Street. Windsor has the famous Eton College which David Cameron (the conservative party leader) and Prince William attended. Tourist like to visit Windsor due to its interesting historical background, such as Windsor castle, which has been around for decades, and is still being used by the Queen during the weekends. Many Kings and Queens have lived in Windsor castle but isn't the only thing to make Windsor famous. Windsor involves other historical content such as Method Here I will summarise exactly what I did during the trip in Windsor. There is various ways in which how we can collect data, which consist of: Questionnaires, documentary evidence, observations and interviews. Questionnaires – A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The disadvantage for this method is that people may not have time to fill out the questionnaire and not fill it out for you. However a questionnaire enables you to design the questions you like and be able to gather the information you so require, therefore being my choice of method. Observations- Is when one analyses the activity of a living being. If we were to observe how the people of Windsor and the tourist felt and so on it would have been largely time consuming and would only record the information we observe. But observing some time we could eventually be able to answer questions we want to know as we can observe how other tourist react in Windsor to. Interviews- An interview is a conversation between two or more people, the interviewer and however many interviewees there maybe. When in an interview one may not feel completely comfortable when asked questions maybe they wouldn't like to answer such as â€Å"what is your annual salary?†When in an interview you can see the reaction of the person you're interviewing and unlike a questionnaire where the person writes down the answer you can fill out what the interviewee says. Documentary evidence- Documentary evidence is any evidence introduced at a trial in the form of documents. But information may also be preserved through media. The method which we chose was a questionnaire, due to it being effective inexpensive and having the ability to acquire as many answers in possible within a certain period of time. We had arrived at Windsor, approximately around 10: 00 am, from coach. We had first past Queen Victoria's transport, the stream train. Then we went to a couple of tourist stores and had picked up a Windsor maps to assist us around the place. We had walked down Peasecod Street and come across to different coloured post boxed, blue and red, also with an unused well alongside. We stood there, while the teacher explained to us more about Windsor. We then looked at the park, and viewed the amazing long path. From there our teacher sent us off to start the questionnaire. We went off in groups of about 4 or 5. We went to the high street with all the shops and first approached a middle aged lady, and asked her if she could help us out in filling the survey. After her, we continued until we had asked 5 tourists. If some one rejected us and did not want to answer the survey, we walked away and said thank you for your time. This did not take long really, since there were so many people walking around. It approximately took about 15 minutes for our group. After that we had to look for 5 residents to help us out, and this took slightly longer as some were at work, university and so on. After about an hour, the job had been completed. I had filled in all gaps and questions on both sheets, and felt comfortable because my data was primary and reliable. The following day as we went back to school, I had put the information from my survey in to a large collection data sheet. I made sure all my results were balanced and equal by putting in a variety of ages and gender .I totalled up all my results and had converted the results in to graphs. The graphs had all seemed to have a similar correlation. I believe it is vital to have an equal and balanced sample of results to confirm, that my results are very reliable and fair. Evaluation of method My trip to Windsor was an enjoyable experience, and was good time learning about the history and attractions of Windsor. I could have improved my method by possibly practicing the questionnaire at school with my class mates, which would have made me more fluent when asking people to assist me in filling out my survey, and it would have boosted my confidence. But the idea of standing on the main road where, there was a lot of shops was good, due to the fact many people were passing through. So it was not much of a problem in finding tourists to fill out the survey, and it was not time consuming. I believe it would have been much easier if we were given a different segment of time to ask the residence of Windsor, as many of them were at work, university, college etc. Primary research Primary research is when you collect primary data by yourself. This is information that only you yourself has attained. My primary research was used to answer certain questions about Windsor. Primary research includes questionnaires and observations. Questionnaire is something I designed to collect the information that I required. I was able to answer the questions I choose to by using my primary research. Secondary research Secondary research is when you use information from an outside source. Where as in primary research you gather the information independently you gather information from places like the internet, library, and magazines. But may not be as reliable as primary since you haven't gathered the information yourself. Graphs of survey Places that tourist chose to visit This is a graph where tourist told us the places they have visited and places they have not. We can tell from this graph that the park and lego land was most popular amonsgt the tourist we had asked. Tourist seem to not want to attend the tours or visit the river. Lego land is most certainly a top attraction for windsor and must be gainig alot of income for the town. Improvements needed in windsor according to tourist This is a graph where tourist told us thing they felt needed to be improved, stuff which wasnt at the standard they had assumed. This graph tell us tourist was least impressed with the prices and traffic. Which is understandable because a normal can of coke is not at the regular price of 50p and the roads of windosr are constantly filled with cars and traffic jams. Type of transport tourist used to reach windsor People use Cars, trains and buses or coaches this shows windsor has many ways for tourist to visit windsor. Windsor provides many parking facilities for visitors. A lot of people came by coach or bus which displays to us there are companies and agencies providing transport for those who wish to visit windsor therefore windsor must be a good tourist centre if coach agencies are able to get customers to brintg to windsor. Windsor also has train stations around which tell us there are various ways to visit windsor what ever a tourist may feel to use. Would tourist visit windsor again This graph records whether tourist would definatly come to windosr again. Tourist are most content with windsor as we can see, only 2 people would not visit and 18 out of 20 people would definatly or is planning to visit windsor again. Surely the majority of tourist are impressed with windsor which must mean windsor is a good tourist centre. Would tourist reccomend Windsor? The tourist that have attended windsor told us if they would reccomend it to others such as family and friend or if they wouldn't bother. Of course if you are willing to reccomend a tourist attraction it must be a succesful tourist centre, from the results 17 out of 20 tourist would or are going to reccomend windsor to others. Only 2 people said they wouldn't reccomend windsor, therefore windsor must be a succesful tourist centre. Attractions that tourist are planning to visit This graphs shows us places where a set of tourist were planning to visit, many of them were planning to attend the tours and go lego land probaly due to the children with them. Tourist must have been told or seen in a brochure the attractions of windsor and were here to view it them selves. Improvements needed according to residents This is a graph that tells us what improvements residents felt that needed to be taken. From this graph we can tell traffic, pedestrians and prices are the things residents are not happy with. Most residents are ok about the toilets and cafes. However like the tourist residents are not enjoying the roads constantly packed with cars. Are there places residents would not go to avoid tourist? 6 out of 20 residents that I asked wouldn't go to certain places due to tourists this somewhat shows to us there are certain places residents do not feel comfortable to go due to tourist. This proves there must be a conflict of interest if residents avoid certain places in their own home due to tourists. Do residents feel there is any conflict with tourist? Only a few tourist feel that there is some sort of conflict. But I doubt anything major that would escalate to some sort of physical contact. Tourist do not feel as comfortable with tourist and pretty much have to put up with it all the time, new people coming to see windsor which is their home town. I personally believe the conflict is not of much interest and is of little importance as it is only 5 out of 20 people feel there is some sort of conflict. What benefits residents feel that tourist bring This graphs shows what things tourist bring to windsor according to residents. The graph shows that Tourist help out the most with reputation as to why so may people visit, income spending a lot of money on the attractons and other things to buy e.g. food and facilities such as good attractive restaurants. Evalutaion of my results In this paragraph I will explain what I have discovered from my results, and answer the three main questions according to my results. In my personal opinion Windsor is a good tourist centre and the graphs that were produced from the information I gathered from the tourists and residents of windsor . My results show that 18 out of 20 people I asked would visit windsor again and that 17 out of 20 would recommend Windsor to family and friends these results show that the tourist are happy and impressed with there trip to windsor and what windsor had to offer them as a whole. Therefore yes windssor is a succesful tourist centre which means there are a large number of tourist visiting regularly. There is a conflict of intrest as you can see the residents do not like so many cars coming in and out of windsor because it causes to much traffic and means there is more noise and pollution created by the tourists and also the tourist pedestrians walking around means residents tend to avoid leaving the house due to overcrowding. Also tourist feel they are treated unfairly due to Residents being entitled to something knows as † The advantage card† which allows resident to visit the attractions 3 times a year for free. Even though tourist may feel its unfair as they have to pay the expensive cost to enter an attraction I feel it is fair as residents should benefit from something since they are living there. The council may have plans to widen roads and pavements to lessen the congestion cause by the tourist thus making life easier for both residents and tourists. Conclusion The information that I have gathered (primary and secondary) shows us how Windsor is a successful tourist centre. This is proven by the graphs, also there is a conflict of interest between tourists and residents as we can see resident are annoyed with tourist for constantly coming in and out of the places they live in. Tourists feel that it's unfair since residents get the advantage card. I myself feel Windsor is a great place and would definitely visit again maybe with more friend and family. Windsor is beautiful has an amazing historical background and everything seem to be so cheerful, however of course I do feel that traffic could be improved on and the prices for some goods are higher for the tourists than they are for the residents of Windsor. According to my results it clearly shows that Windsor is a very succesful tourist centre and the tourist really enjoyed visiting Windsor as my results shows that the ratings of every single attrations in Windsor is very high. The second important point which im going to make is that there is a big conflict between the tourist and the residents as the residents don't like the way the prices in Windsor keep going up every time, the toilets, parking and the streets being very crowded. Local authority has made a lot of effort to resolve the conflict for e.g. they have introduced advantage cards to the residents through which residents can visit all the attratcions in Windsor for a cheap price and they also have free parking. The council has tried to seperate the tourist and residents by dividing them in to two different areas of town for example when the tourist arrive in Windsor that part of the town is very far away from the residential bit of the town and the prices in that area is very high compared to other areas of the town. All of my graphs prove that my hypothesis was correct and Windsor is a very successful tourist centre but there is a lot of conflict in interest between the tourist and the residents.