Lifeboat Ethics and People

Garrett Hardin (b. 1915) is interested in natural science who publishes this to the people who does not know that much information. He graduated at the University of Chicago and at Stanford University where he received Ph.D. which help him in his passion of being a connector between society and an environment. The books he has written so far are for example, Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor (1974).Helping people that are less fortunate perpetuates the cycle of misfortune and has nothing to help them. In terms of studying an environment earth is called a â€Å"spaceship† to better develop the idea of world ethics where people live in societies with different rules and powers. Those who are seen as rich ones live on lifeboats and poor ones are in water swimming around them. People from not developed countries keep trying to board on the â€Å"lifeboat† in order to survive but â€Å"we must recognize the limited capacity of any lifeboat† (Hardin 47 8) because otherwise no one will survive. The reason for this is the significant difference between growth of population the poor and rich countries.The amount of increasing poor countries would in quarter of the  decade significantly damage the rich ones by consumption and after a decade they might sink them down completely. â€Å"The fundamental error of spaceship ethics, and the sharing it requires, is that it leads to what I call the tragedy of the commons† (480). The way how to help poor people to survive was to create a world food bank but â€Å"a wise and competent government saves out of the production of the good years in anticipation of bad years to come† (481), moreover the not advanced countries would take it all and not give back.The final decision goes from old Chinese adage: â€Å"Give a man a fish and he will east for a day; teach him how to fish and he will eat for rest of his days† which solves the situation. However, the environment, such as , forests or beaches at the expense of the rising population decreases for example, India and its increasing population every year by 15 million.The author seems that he know what he talks about in this article according to his evidence that he is deep focus in his passion for nature and received degrees in high status universities in a similar subject. He did not mention any sources of information he used which could prove his believes. He truly stated facts such as, the population growth is increasing with an example, of India or that rich countries drive the world principles and not economically advanced countries need a help from them and makes the article persuasive.The whole piece leads to conclusion where the author comes back to his first paragraph including information about ethics and control of people’s behavior. People sometimes do not always choose the right decisions based on their culture, location, and thinking. Author tries to explain how they should perceive the world around them and be aware of change in a future according to environmentalists. Even though that the article was written more than thirty years ago it apposite the people’s way of doing things and especially the population growth and the end of the text leads into overall successful summary.According to what is happening in the world in the 21st century this paper shows its true contain. He gives a real manner of how society should look like in order to establish the atmosphere which could consequently better associate people from different side of a boat. People without any rules will live with a status called Anarchy which has never accomplished any success. People’s ancestors for example, in Babylon used to have a social system where rich were in head of the town and  poor had to work hard for them. Although Babylon disappeared most likely because of natural disaster, the system brought them power and prosperity.

Meditation Journal Entries

First â€Å"in-class† Meditation have meditated before, but never in class. It was quite an experience! When I meditate, I tend to think a lot. Trying not to think about anything and focusing on my breathing is very hard for me. But know it will take some practice. My mind runs a mile a minute, but repeating â€Å"In and out† to solely concentrate on my breathing definitely helps. I can tell that was still a little distracted.Any goose that I heard brought me back to thinking, wondering what it was, where it was coming from. Once realized I was thinking again, I brought my focus back to my breathing, remembering â€Å"in and out†. I find it fascinating that you have to realize you a thinking sometimes it happens and you don't even know what you're thinking until you take a step back. The mind works in mysterious ways. I am intrigued to learn more about myself and mindfulness through mediation. /1/15 2. Youth: Nighttime Meditation Over the weekend I tried my best to take 5 minutes to myself to re-center and be present. Tonight I was having trouble winding down, so after my tea, I searched for â€Å"Nighttime Meditation† on youth. I meditated for about six minutes until I started to drift into sleep. I enjoyed the meditation because for those few moments of the day, was able to quiet my mind, relax, and become sleepy.I feel that guided meditation works best for me; listening to he soft spoken words of the man from the video really helps me to smash all the irrelevant thoughts going through my head and really focus on what was going on in that present moment. I also enjoyed the part of the meditation where the man was guiding me to feel my body parts, from my feet up to the tip of my head. At this point, feeling relaxed, aware, and present began to doze off. Of course, my head told me â€Å"Hey! You're dozing off! † there I go thinking again, and I shut off the video and immediately fell asleep.

A Case Study On Devlin Philosophy Essay

A Case Study On Devlin Philosophy Essay Devlin had a very keen inquiry regarding law and morality and he was in favour of interference of law in the case of private morality, whereas Hart was in favour of individual rights. Dworkin was famous for his critique of Hart’s legal positivism. . Instead he was in favour of a middle ground between positivism and natural law. Morality differs from place to place, country to country. For example, adultery is a crime in most Asian countries but not in United Kingdom. This essay consist of Wolfenden committee’s report, the inquiry of Devlin about the report, analysis of HART’s individual rights, HART- Devlin debate and Dworkin’s full analysis of all the reports. The Wolfenden Report: In 1957 the committee on homosexual offenses and prostitution under the chairmanship of Sir John Wolfenden published its report, bringing the issue of legal regulation of morality to the forefront of public attention.   [ 1 ]    The committee gave their most significant pr oposal that homosexual conduct between consenting adults in confidential should no longer be criminal offense, which we believe to be crucial, specially the importance which society and the law must give to freedom of a person of choice and action in private morality matters.   [ 2 ]    Devlin’s Inquiry about the Wolfenden Report: Devlin took an interest about the report as he has to pass the sentence as a Judge. According to Devlin if a female is punished for abortion then there is no difference between crime and sin. So there should not be any separation between crime and moral law. After publication of Wolfenden report he argued that â€Å"The suppression of vice is as much the law’s business as the suppression of subversive activities.   [ 3 ]   Devlin pointed out three questions: Firstly, is society entitled to pass judgement on all matters or can pass on some matters or reserved it into the private sphere?   [ 4 ]    Secondly, if society is entitled to pass judgement, is it also entitled to use law as a means of enforcement?   [ 5 ]    Thirdly, if the second question receives an affirmative answer, is society entitled to use the law in all matters or only in some?   [ 6 ]    Now the question is what is meant by society? According to Devlin, society means a community of ideas, without shared ideas on politics, moral and ethics no society can exist.   [ 7 ]   Each one of us has ideas about good and evil, they cannot be kept private from the society in which we live. If man and woman try to create a society in which there is no fundamental agreement about good and evil they will fail, if having based it on common agreement, the agreement goes, the society will disintegrate.   [ 8 ]    For society is not something that is kept together physically, it is held by the invisible bonds of common thought, if the bonds are too far relaxed, the members would drift apart, a common morality is part of the bondage, the bondage is part of the price of society, mankind which needs society must pay its price.   [ 9 ]    According to Devlin the answer of his first question would depends upon the second question’s answer. If society has no right to make judgement on morals, the law must find some special justifications for entering into the field of morality, if homosexuality and prostitutions are not in themselves wrong, the onus very clearly on the law giver who wants to frame a law against certain aspects of them to justify the exceptional treatment.   [ 10 ]   But if a society has a right to make a judgement and has it on the basis that a recognised morality is as necessary to society, say a recognised government, then society may use the law to preserve morality in the same way as its uses it to safeguard anything else that is essential to its existence.   [ 11 ]

Increase Team Effectiveness Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Increase Team Effectiveness - Research Proposal Example Everybody had different ideas and we all wanted to get our point across. We could not even come to an agreement during this first meeting on the different topics each would be working on. An initiative of mine that was approved during this meeting was the creation of a schedule of meetings. We made a rule that if at least 3 members were available for the meeting it would be realized if 50% were absent the meeting would be canceled. I thought we did accomplish good brainstorming and we got to know each other. We deviated a bit from the business talk and learned about each other life’s. We got along pretty good on the personal level, but as the business unit, it seemed we were not clicking yet. There was no clear leader in the group and since there was a bit of a power struggle we decide it would be best not to give any member the official team leader nomination. Maybe this was a mistake. A team works better when it was clear directions. Many companies utilize the team leader organizational structure as a tool to increase the efficiency of the various teams working in different areas of the business. The importance of the team leader can be seen more clearly in the role he plays in the decision-making process. The list below provides some a list of functions the team leader realizes. In our second meeting, some important tasks were accomplished. Each team member knew what they would be writing about. We stipulated a deadline for final submission. I noticed in this second meeting the same trend as in the first one. A lot of talk about things not related to the project.

Why is a 'Frisk' Considered a Search and an 'Arrest' Considered a Coursework

Why is a 'Frisk' Considered a Search and an 'Arrest' Considered a Seizure - Coursework Example This is within the definition of a search which means the â€Å"examination of a person, place or vehicle for contraband or evidence of a crime† (Harr, Hess, and Orthmann 195-6). When a police officer pats-down a detained person in search for possible dangerous or illegal possessions, obviously, the detainee is just being searched. The person is not being taken into long-term custody --- or at least not yet. It could be a preliminary for an arrest, but as it is, the act of â€Å"frisk† is not a seizure. On the other hand, an arrest is is very much different from a mere frisk. First, an arrest requires the Miranda warning. This is because the detainee will undergo â€Å"maximum interference† (Harr, Hess, and Orthmann 232) that might seriously put at risk his freedom and privacy. A seizure is defined as â€Å"the taking by law enforcement or other government agent of contraband, evidence of a crime or even a person into custody† (Harr, Hess, and Orthmann 195 -6). ... Therefore, â€Å"all searches must be limited in scope† (Harr, Hess, and Orthmann 272). Provide your own definition of reasonable. => Several factors are at play when it comes to defining what is reasonable. The biggest factor to consider is that â€Å"reasonable† is something that is objective rather than merely subjective to a personal viewpoint. To view â€Å"reasonable† as subjective would not only create a chaotic definition, but would also provoke several infringements on the basic rights of an individual. Generally speaking, something that is reasonable should fall under two basic concepts: 1) meeting of fundamental constitutional rules, and; 2) fitting within permissible realms (Harr, Hess, and Orthmann 271). Obviously, anything that is deemed reasonable will be accepted in courts. Therefore, since the courts look at evidences based on â€Å"specific and articulable facts† and the â€Å"totality of the circumstances† (Harr, Hess, and Orthman n 282), what is considered â€Å"reasonable† should also fall under these definitions. The police officer must also consider his or her â€Å"training and experience† (Harr, Hess, and Orthmann 284) as factors that could help define what is reasonable for a specific situation. Discuss the advantages to obtaining a warrant. => One of the biggest advantages of obtaining a warrant is it â€Å"provides a presumption of reasonableness† (Harr, Hess, and Orthmann 272). Furthermore, since there is an â€Å"assumption that people have the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures,† obtaining a warrant frees the law enforcement officer from the burden of articulating probable cause in a warrantless

Effects of Economic crisis on Tokyo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Effects of Economic crisis on Tokyo - Essay Example The world today is going through recession, and just as everything else is going global, so is the recession. A number of big-economies and states have readily declared recession officially, while an even bigger number is trying to fight it out, however, unofficially, they are under recession as well. The phenomenon is not just restricted to the west where UK has declared official recession but stands valid for other parts of the world as well, where economies as strong as Japan have declared official recession. Japan is rightly considered the second largest economy in the world, existing today, or just before the recessionary scenario. The major point is how the government plans to revive its economy. There are a number of plans being put forth as discussed in the later part of this report. The only determinant point is the fact that when these proposed plans would actually be put in to action. The urgency of this matter is a sure ground because the global financial crisis is on the rise and more and more economies are on the urge of declaring official recession. At this point in time, Tokyo needs to stand out and initiate its plan of action, because it is through this initiation only that all the suffering economies in Asia would benefit from, and ultimately lead the world out of this crisis. Following the 9/11 incident and the occurrence of ‘mad cow disease’, economists were forecasting the commencement of an intense recession in Japan. Another major reason underlying this strong forecast was the global economic downturn. Recently released surveys of future trends together with economic data recording economic performance over recent months point at least to the onset of Japan’s fourth official recession — defined as two consecutive quarters of negative growth— in the space of a decade.

Black-Figure Amphora with Scenes of Apollo Entertaining Dionysus and Research Paper

Black-Figure Amphora with Scenes of Apollo Entertaining Dionysus and Hermes, and Theseus Killing the Minotaur located at the Chr - Research Paper Example Apollo is standing between Hermes and Dionysus, who are seated in folding stools. Apollo is playing the kithara or the lyre in between the two. The lyre seems to be an award for musical competition. The artwork was made in Athens between 530-520 BC (Chrysler Museum Website). The arts are a result of Greek myths. The artworks are categorized under the Terracota Gift of the Mowbray Arch Society 2003. They are in the 18th floor room a & b. The art shows Hermes, who is also referred to as the messenger god having some wings attached to his shins. At the left, there is Dionysus seated, who is the fertility god. He also serves as the wine god. He has been saved as an infant by Hermes (Chrysler Museum Website). The other side of the arrangement is the Athenian hero known as Theseus. The hero is locked in a mortal combat with Minotaur. Minotaur is a beast that has the body of a human being, but the head of a bull. He looks very scary and monstrous. In addition, there are two maidens that are looking at Theseus. They are keen on what Theseus is doing: he is decapitating blood spurts and Minotaur from the neck of Minotaur. According to the existing Greek legend, Theseus, who is a son to King of Athens, Aegeus, had volunteered to be among the seven young me and maidens that were annually sent to the city of Athens to be used as Crete’s tribute and were to be sacrificed to the Minotaur. Theseus, instead of becoming a victim, killed the beast and ended up rescuing all his companions. The artist of the mentioned artworks applied Lysippides’ painter manner. The overall dimensions of the figures are 16.5 inch, which is an equivalent of 41.9 centimeters. The object number of the arts is 2003.18. The art gallery is 114 (Chrysler Museum Website). I chose the above artwork due to the thrilling and mythical story behind it. I am familiar with the story and choosing this artwork would actually provide me with more detailed information about it than what I already knew. Minos, the King hated the Athenians because they killed his son. In order to revenge, he ordered the sending of the Athenian youths to Crete to feed the Minotaur – the half bull and half man. He used to live in the labyrinth under the King’s palace. King Aegeus was very angry and sworn that he would go by himself and kill the Minotaur, however, his son, Thaseus went. The drama reached its peak when King Minos’ daughter, Ariadne, fell in love with Theseus and went ahead to help him in the fight. She sneaked past the several guards and gave Theseus a sword and a long ball of string. Theseus entered the maze, eventually loosing the string. He came to the Minotaur’s lair and had a ferocious and terrible battle with the monstrous Minotaur. He won the battle and the Minotaur died. Later, he found his way out the terrible maze by following the string trail (Connor 132). The above interesting Greek myth served as a motivation towards my desire to know more about the artwork related to it, hence the choice. Besides the narrative behind the artwork, the efficiency and the expertness of the creator of the artwork also played a big role as a factor that influenced my decision to choose this particular artwork a lot. The artist has used expressive lines in the creation of the photo. This is because the picture portrays, in a detailed manner, the intention, or the target of the artist who created it. In artwork, expressive lines serve the purpose of revealing or depicting the artist’

Assessing Benchmarking Efforts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assessing Benchmarking Efforts - Coursework Example Benchmarking enables companies to identify the most successful strategies used by other similar companies, and then adopt appropriate strategies and measures to make their own programs more resourceful (Hinton et.al 2000, p. 53). For purposes of this study, we will examine the benchmarking initiatives adopted Xerox, one of the worlds top copier companies, through its Leadership through Quality program. We will consequently discusses the concept of benchmarking and its implementation in various processes including a customer satisfaction at Xerox and explore how the company presently uses benchmarks to align with international standards and lastly highlight the extent to which the existing benchmarks align with existing organizational goals. For Xerox Company, benchmarking came from a susceptible competitive crisis form Japanese and U.S competitors. According to analysts, the management failed to present the company a strategic trend. Xerox’s operating cost (and as a result, the prices of its products) was high and its products were of comparatively lesser quality compared to its competitors. The company suffered from its very centralized decision-making processes as well and because of this, return on assets dropped significantly to less than 8% and the copiers’ market share dropped sharply. The CEO David Kearns began emphasizing cutting of manufacturing costs and gave a new quality control by launching the Leadership Through Quality.’ Through this quality program, Xerox executed the benchmarking program. These incentives played a fundamental role in pulling the company out of crisis in future. Xerox even developed to become one of the greatest examples of the successful benchmarking implementation (McNair and Leibfried 1992, p.20). Xerox initiated a Customer Satisfaction Measurement System that incorporates customer research and benchmarking

Torture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Torture - Essay Example On the other side are those who believe that the allowance of torture destroys our national commitment to the inherent rights of all human beings. In the middle of this heated debate are those who believe that psychological torture, non-physical torture, should be permissible. It is not agreed that America should be permitted to use torture as a means of obtaining information from detainees. The United States was established on absolute principles of human rights, and the use of torture, whether physical or non-physical, past or present, violates those principles. for terrorists who suffer, or for those who die mercilessly at the hands of their torturers. Unfortunately that is human emotion at work, not ethics. Torture is a violation of human rights. In his Time to Think About Torture, Jonathan Alter admits that "we can't legalize physical torture; it's contrary to American values."1 The UN convention against torture came into force in 1987, prohibiting the acts that cause severe pain or suffering in order to gain information from prisoners. Alter wonders if using methods just short of physical torture will force four hijacking suspects to talk.2 He also added that he was not advocating the use of "cattle prods" or "rubber hoses", but "psychological torture."3 The act of psychological torture is subjecting a prisoner to mental stress, such as sleep deprivation, putting them in stressful situations, and sensory deprivation, in order to force a confession. Psychological torture, which leaves no visible signs of abuse, is still torture, and is illegal. According to research, prisoners subjected only to psychological torture report as much mental anguish as those who are beaten. The lasting effects psychological torture inflicts are as detrimental as those of physical torture. Novelist and journalist Henry Porter, wrote in his article that "torture is an absolute evil and there can be no allowances, especially in a country which stands for liberty and spends a good deal of time distinguishing itself from the Taliban and al-Qaeda on those grounds."4 If we as a nation disregard the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, our Constitution, and the UN convention against torture by using the same tactics as the Taliban and al-Qaeda, then we become no different than the ones we oppose. Terrorism has spread fear among Americans. Our citizens have desperately tried to justify the means of torture. The ticking bomb scenario, which implies that torture should be used to gain useful information that may prevent the possible loss of many lives, is just a scenario. It is a tactic used to persuade fearful Americans that torture is necessary. In discussing the fear of Americans, Porter states, "It is to be hoped that their very understandable fears do not lead to a further deterioration of human rights."5 Common sense and intelligence should be used to fight terrorism, not torture created by fear that opposes human rights. Torture is counterterrorism. Advocating any type of torture defeats the purpose of the Constitution, which guarantees protection against cruel and unusual punishment. Just as slavery and genocide are wrong for America, so is torture. Torture, whether physical, psychological, mild or severe,

Whats wrong with school teacher play student, learns to lie and cheat Essay

Whats wrong with school teacher play student, learns to lie and cheat - Essay Example Glanz realized that the students found the classes boring, lied and manipulated their teachers, and they did not work hard to get good grades. She realized that the students did not learn much in the classrooms as they were demotivated and turned off by the fact that they had little responsibility and power over their education. They expected the teachers to do everything for them and assumed that their role was to sit down and listen. They thought that the teachers were bores and their role was to distribute the information required for the students to pass tests. Glanz was saddened by the fact that teachers did not realize the communication gap that existed between them and their students. She learned that political corruption had made some students believe that there was no need to put in effort as it had little value. Students had a low opinion over honesty and this attitude encouraged many of them to cheat in their exams and feel no remorse about their actions. As Glanz returned to her former school, she decided to demand more from the students by making sure that they were responsible for their education. She did not accept their excuses easily and ensured that they put in effort in every aspect of their education (Banas 658). Students find many classes boring, put in little effort to pass their exams, use excuses to refrain from doing homework and other tasks, and manipulate teachers to complete their tasks. I think that this has been the trend for many students but there are an exceptional few who work hard to get good grades. In my opinion, many classes are boring and the teachers are sometimes bores. This is because the students do not play an active role in class. They are expected to sit in class quietly as the teachers give instruction. Therefore, the students feel detached from the learning process. I agree with Glanz as she concludes that students are demotivated because they have little responsibilities and

Cultural Background Paper Essay Example for Free

Cultural Background Paper Essay The fusion of cultures has been ever growing and I would like to say- being multiracial these days is not a new phenomenon. There are many of us who come from a similar status where we share different ancestors from different cultures. For instance, my own friend has a Hispanic father and an African-American mother. Both the parents come from different cultures and the instances have been increasing. However, I share an Indian background with a Hispanic background. The fusion of the two cultures was unthinkable but I believe it has to happen sometimes that way. The main reason why I believe we have cultural fusions is because of the increased ethnic and racial diversity in the United States of America. It is interesting to note how different parents from different cultures actually bring in their stories and traditions into our lives. I believe it is easy to distinguish characteristic traits from an Indian background and a Hispanic background. There are a few traits that make one easily recognizable and distinguishable from others. Importance to family ties and bonds is extremely crucial. I remember my father (who obviously shares an Indian background, American-Indian) who stressed on the importance of relationships. Grandparents, uncles, aunts and every relative had to be respected and served on their occasional arrival. Indians are particularly fond of spicy food with their own kind of spices which includes lots of chili, cumin powder and other so-called â€Å"masalas† in their food (Gawle, 2003). There is an obligation and responsibility that the Indians exhibit in their mentality which makes them extremely family-oriented. As Jean Bacon in his book, â€Å"Life-lines: Community, Family and Assimilation among Asian Indian Immigrants† states regarding this stance, â€Å"The notion of obligation perhaps encourages members of the second generation to follow the wishes of their parents regarding issues such as educational choices or choices of marriage partners more often than would be the case if this sense of obligation were not present. It was very surprising to me that none of the children in these families ever defied his or her parents desires. No one ever decided to move away and become financially independent in order to pursue his or her own, as opposed to his or her parents, desires. No one took out educational loans to secure the education of his or her choice† (Bacon, 1996). The system of joint-families and extravagant weddings with lots of food and numerous ceremonies is synonymous with them. Their music sense with the sitar and the classics by well-known singers was their favorite. Religion and spiritual obligations were also taken seriously. As Charles A. Moore in his book, â€Å"The Indian Mind: Essentials of Indian philosophy and culture† states regarding Indian culture, â€Å"It is common ground in Indian thought that the adoption of secular means and methods do not lead to freedom or salvation. It may be held that, if we could conquer Nature and fully exploit her resources, we might satisfy all our wants, and as soon as they arise. The modern man in the atomic age with his immense faith in technology is prone to think that the solution lies this way. But wants may still outstrip our ability to satisfy them; a leap-frog race may result. The root problem is left untouched. Technology cannot provide the wisdom and the good will necessary to make a wholesome use of our power. Control over Nature without control over oneself (self-restraint) can lead only to rivalry, domination, conflict, and suicidal warfare. The human problem is basically spiritual; it lies in self-control and self-education† (Moore Morris, 1967). The following quote from the book on the Indian culture shows the immense spirituality in the Indian community and how they try to resolve their problems through the means of self-control. Their religion and their belief in spirituality play a vital role in bringing out these characteristics. My mother who is a Hispanic lady submitted to the Indian culture as they shared a few common ideologies. On the whole, the Indian trait in my family background is dominant. An interesting study was done by Shamita Das Dasgupta on the gender roles and cultural continuity in the Asian Indian Immigrant community in the United States of America where she evaluates the attitude of women and dating in the Indian culture. Her revelation is as follows, â€Å"Where attitude toward women was concerned, there seemed to be great intergenerational similarities between parents and children. The belief in gender equality of both mothers and fathers was positively correlated with that of their children regardless of age. However, mothers egalitarianism seemed to be mitigated by their childrens age. That is, the older their children, the more conservative mothers became regarding womens roles. Since mothers own age was not linked to this relationship, it can only be speculated that as adolescents grew older, their mothers started to experience the pressures of socializing them in traditional gender roles. In the process, they themselves turned toward conservatism† (Dasgupta, 1998). Another interesting trait that can be drawn in the Indian culture is regarding the relationship between a boy and a girl. The Indian culture places an immense importance on the physical chastity. In other words, there is nothing like sex-outside-marriage for them. As Shamita Das Dasgupta in her journal article states, â€Å"Undoubtedly, a reason for instilling inhibitions about dating in girls more than boys is due to Asian Indian parents obsessions with maintaining sexual chastity. Dr. Prasad, a professor of engineering conducting a youth forum in New Jersey, stated, From an Indian Culture point of view, dating involving physical relationships before marriage is not permissible. Segal (1991) notes this fear in Asian Indian parents and believes most Indian immigrants who are not quite familiar with the practice tend to conflate dating with sexual activity† (Dasgupta, 1998). The idea of physical chastity plays an important role in the Indian community and any kind of illicit relationship outside the framework of marriage is taboo for them. It means absolute disgrace on the family if any such kind of an act is indulged by either the boy or the girl. In Hinduism particularly, such girls are exiled from the communities and their family members are disgraced and humiliated to a great extent. My parents value their own cultures and traditions. Though I come from a bi-racial background, my family has most of the Indian traditions in it as my mother had very willingly given herself to the Indian heritage. The freedom stories as well as the Indian history are still known to my father. My father stated in a brief conversation, â€Å"Indian culture imbibes its traditional roots from the Vedas. We have a deep attachment to it and we cannot forget what our country has done for us to bring us so far. Our Indian tradition and culture is our identity to who we are. Indian culture promotes an inner sense of brotherhood and unconditional love- something that I witness lacking in the West but we have a small world of our own here. I still value the Indian norms and I am proud of it as well. I cannot forget the freedom fighters that fought for our beloved country. I believe that is how we are here. I cannot forget the sacrifices given by our country’s soldiers to protect India from foreign invasion. The emotions are far too many to be forgotten†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (John K. Ram Prasad, personal communication, May 15, 2007). John Y. Fenton, in his book entitled, â€Å"Transplanting Religious Traditions: Asian Indians in America† lists some of the important characteristics that are found in the Indians and are most desired to preserve. He lists family as the most important trait and dominant in the Indian culture. Secondly, he states Indian character (pious and chastity) and thirdly, he states religion as the inherent trait amongst Indians. Fourthly, he finds cultural arts and language as important traits in the Indian culture. (Fenton, 1988). There are some hints on the Hispanic culture in my family background as well. Though they are not very dominant, they are worth looking into as the character traits are identifiable in their own way in my family. I believe the reason why it was easy for my Hispanic mother to accept the Indian traditions as her own was because they shared many similarities, one of them being their conservative or traditional lifestyle. Furthermore, the Hispanic culture also places immense emphasis on the family, religion and community (Sutherland, 1997). My father also exhibits similar characteristics as discussed above but he has evolved in some sense. As stated in several literatures above regarding religion, my father keeps his religion in his own personal space and allows his children to make their own decisions (which are very unlikely to happen in a typical Indian culture). Adapting to the American environment came easy on him and adapting to the Indian culture came easy on my mother. I have witnessed many occasions when my father gave his first priority to family and then on building a perfect human character in his children. His children and wife were always his first priority over everything and he made sure they received the best of education and lifestyle. Furthermore, his moral stories enlightened us to be good humans and be of good human character. His teachings also revolved on the aspect to respect our grandparents as well as our great-great-ancestors that he so proudly talks about. Though an American now, his Indian values are still present and he vows to pass it on in every way he can through us and though his grand children, as he says. He still celebrates all the festivals and all the Indian rituals. I have personally witnessed these traits in my family that show that my parents are indeed very knowledgeable about their culture. As we saw above, the traits of the Indians are very dominant in my family and most of them have been discussed and stated as being visible in my family. Yes- the traits have also been found visible in my close Indian relatives as well as grandparents who value their Indian culture and still prefer to eat chapattis, curry, sweets and love Indian music and ghazals (Ghazals are slow Indian songs with Urdu lyrics, sort of a beautiful poetry on subjects like love, life and sadness). Old Indian movies and soap operas still occupy a prominent status in my grandparents’ menu through which they cherish their Indian culture and the traits are obviously noticeable. As my grandmother stated a few days ago, â€Å"We cannot forget where we are from†¦ we cannot forget our land, no matter how long we have lived here. We cherish our cultures through centuries and no matter where we are, we will continue to cherish it till our death and pass it on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jodha Ram Prasad, Personal Communication, May 20, 2007). Racism has been an old tale in the history of United States of America and still continues in different manners with different thinking patterns today. They label people like my parents and grandparents as â€Å"typical stereotypical characters† though they have lived all their life to this country. Personally, I have never had any racist experiences but my relatives who have been here for over three decades did. They had problems getting enrolled into American institutions and they would often be looked down as from the â€Å"third-world countries,† though they hold the American citizenship. My uncle states his story that depicted racism exhibited in his own words, â€Å"I was 18 when I had finished my high school and lived all my life in the United States. Even then, we had our house in such a locality where only immigrants lived. It was difficult for us to buy or rent houses in those locations where whites would live. Once I tried getting a house in a typical white locality and found that they gave me rates that were twice expensive than what they charged the white people. This would eventually force us to buy homes in immigrant localities, hence depicting discrimination. We were discriminated based on where we came from. We would be paid lower than the whites in our era when the fight against racism was still in its beginning stages. It was difficult to get the law in our support either. We were eventually marked as weak and powerless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hardy Lewis Choudhry, Personal communication, May 21, 2007). There are many such stories that we would get to hear. These were not new then and are not new even now (though we have several legislations and agencies protecting us from racism). Our grandparents, parents and relatives have a lot more to say than anyone else as racism was extremely common when they immigrated to United States than it is now. Today, we have our rights protecting us from discrimination and racial profiling (that previously didn’t exist). Even today, as I see, Indians are marked stereotypically as foolish and old-fashioned thinking people. There are quite many things that I have learned about my family’s culture through this research and this includes the Indian philosophy and culture, including the racism stories and several other experiences from my primary care-givers. The American culture that I have blended in and the Indian culture that still persists in my family are poles apart in their philosophies and so are their lifestyles. I have witnessed that the conservative Indian thinking is actually a trait that is passed on and I have seen that the Indian culture values a person by his character. Earlier, my focus was never laid on my family’s culture as we lived the way as every American family would live but it was interesting to note the rich characteristics of Indian culture in my family, including my parents, grandparents as well as relatives who gave a tremendous insight into several notions of the Indian philosophy and Indian traditional values. I believe and I respect the traditional cultural values of my family (earlier to which I was not exposed to) and I have learned how spirituality plays a vital role in the making of a person’s character and mind. On the whole, the experience has been quite enriching as India is truly a country with diverse cultures and an interesting history. I am still reminded about Mahatma Gandhi and the times of the Mughals (ancient rulers of India) by my grandparents which show that the traits still exist in them and they want those traits to prevail in me as well which they hope I will pass on to my progeny too†¦ REFERENCES: Moore, Charles A. , Morris, Aldyth V. (1967). The Indian Mind: Essentials of Indian Philosophy and Culture. East-West Center Press. Page no. 323-389. Dasgupta, Shamita Das (1998). Gender Roles and Cultural Continuity in the Asian Indian Immigrant Community in the U. S. A Journal of Research, Vol. 38, 1998. Bacon, Jean (1996). Life-lines: Community, Family and Assimilation among Asian-Indian Immigrants. Oxford University Press. Page 242. Gawle, Rupa (2003). Ask not what your family can do for you†¦ Is obligation an exclusively Indian trait? India Abroad. Published on the 13th of June, 2003. Retrieved online on the 22nd of May, 2007 at http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1P1-78807655. html John K. Ram Prasad, Personal Communication, May 15, 2007. Fenton, John Y. (1988). Transplanting Religious traditions: Asian Indians in America. Praeger Publishers, Page 201. Sutherland, Jean (1997). Understanding Hispanic/Latino culture and History through the use of Children’s literature. Yale-New Haven Teacher’s Institute. Retrieved online on the 22nd of May, 2007 at http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1997/2/97. 02. 06. x. html Jodha Ram Prasad, Personal Communication, May 20, 2007 Hardy Lewis Choudhry, Personal communication, May 21, 2007

According to Congress Essay Example for Free

According to Congress Essay Culture is the arrangement of aggregate beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the associates of association use to cope with their apple and with one another, and that are transmitted from bearing to bearing through learning. It comprises all the ability and ethics aggregate by a association or the attitudes and behavior that are adapted of a accurate amusing accumulation or organization. It is the accumulated habits, attitudes, and behavior of a accumulation of humans that ascertain for them their accepted behavior and way of life; the absolute set of abstruse activities of a people. See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay According to Congress (1997), there are alone and cultural differences in agreement of affliction administration because there are patients who wish connected affliction medication while others abjure their charge for affliction reliever. Since the role of the bloom affliction provider is to advice patients apostle for what feels adapted for them aural their cultural ambience there are times if compassionate the accommodating may be difficult abnormally if patients are from altered cultures and allege altered languages Competence in a accurate profession does not alone cover ability and ability in the specific acreage or discipline. It is as well important that as a medical amount holder, the getting knows how to acquaint and collaborate with altered individuals with differing culture. Issues on race, gender, age, adoration and socio-economic cachet should be dealt with abundant abilities so as to abstain absurd confrontations. This will advice advance and advance adapted and acceptable alive relationships in the workplace. Littlejohn (2002) mentioned and provided account apropos the access of allegorical interactions which states that amusing structures and meanings are created and maintained in amusing interaction, that humans act in accordance with their abstract understandings of the situation, that people’s activity is based on their interpretations and that amusing activity is fabricated up of alternation processes rather than structures and is accordingly consistently changing. Using this access as a advance and applying its abstraction in the conveyance of podiatry, the bloom affliction provider should accept the accommodation to accept the apropos of the patient. There will be times if the accommodating will not be absolute and absolute in cogent the medical getting of his or her appraisal of the bloom affliction provided. It is the albatross of the bloom affliction provider to be acute to the needs of the patient. Observing his or her (the patient) behavior and attitudes appear situations and humans will advice in ambience the appropriate affection and action to conduct the able advice and abetment the getting to her needs. It is important that considerations not just on the bloom of the accommodating but aswell of his or her cultural acclimatization are fabricated by the clinician. Getting an abstraction of area and what blazon of getting the applicant is will accommodate the medical care to accord with the apropos of the audience better. In the profession of medicine, it not alone the concrete bloom of the getting that is getting taken affliction of, the accepted abundance of the getting is as well kept in mind. Humans in this conveyance should apperceive the able access to be acclimated in interacting with specific blazon of accommodating in agreement of his or her cultural orientation. They should be able to accept area the accommodating stands and try to reside up to the standards that they expect. There are times if advice amid the accommodating and the medical cadre is an adversity abnormally if langue aberration amid them exists. Providing instructions, guidelines and prescriptions could be awkward if one of the parties or both of them cannot accept what the added is aggravating to put through. It is accessible again that cultural accomplishment of the getting cannot be afar from the affairs that that he or she lives and has been acclimatized to. The affairs include the routines, the behaviors and attitudes that a getting exhibits. The ability he or she incorporates in his or her circadian activity includes the judgments and tastes that are made. Galanti (1999) cited an archetype in her commodity if cultural differences behest the bearings to be a little complicated due to differing socio-cultural expectations. She aggregate the afterward story: aâ‚ ¬? In the United States, there is generally no one but the assistant to yield affliction of the patientaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s psychosocial needs. The American accommodating who expects the bloom affliction artisan to appearance claimed absorption may apperceive a Filipino assistant who is aggravating to behave appropriately as algid and uncaring. (http://www. ggalanti. com/articles/articles_home_health. html). If it comes to affliction management, for example, it is a actuality that altered patients accept altered interpretations if it comes to the abstraction of pain. There are cultural orientations wherein affliction is advised as a appearance of courage abnormally if the getting has a top affliction tolerance. On the added hand, there are as well patients who feel abhorrent if ambidextrous with concrete affliction as they resort to quick affliction relievers and actual treatment. These types of cases appeal that bloom affliction training in added cultural ambience should be provided with advice as to what a accommodating expects from medical personnel. Rogers (1951) in Staats (1996) declared that anniversary alone has a life force that is afflicted and afflicted by the amusing burden that he or she adventures which hinders claimed and amusing advance and actualization. This is one of the affidavit why treatments are anchored in an area the applicant or accommodating can allocution her apperception advisedly after activity abhorrence and pressure. The atmosphere fostered by able nurses whose plan is anxious with alone development is a abode area their patients feel safe to accurate his or her accurate attributes and cocky (Staats, 1996). In ambidextrous with situations such as the cases mentioned above, it is accordant that the bloom affliction provider, whether he or she is in the podiatry profession or added medical practice, to accept a bright abstraction of the patient’s cultural background. There are just certain instances where in both the bloom affliction provider and the accommodating will be put in a amusing action wherein differences should be bent and accept for a acceptable alive ambiance as able-bodied as for the account of the patient.

In Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlehem

In Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlehem In Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlehem Royal Hospital [1984] 1 ALL ER 1018 Dunn LJ stated in the Court of Appeal that 'the concept of informed consent plays no part in English law' (per Dunn LJ at 1030). Is this still an accurate reflection of the law? In Sidaway, the plaintiff brought an action against the hospital and surgeon who performed an operation on her back. The operation she had undergone carried an inherent risk to her spinal column and nerve roots. Even if it was performed perfectly, there was still about a two per cent chance that she would suffer injury to her spinal column. As it turned out, the operation was performed correctly, but nevertheless, the plaintiff suffered injury to her spinal column. She brought an action for negligence based solely on the ground that she had not been warned of the inherent risks of the procedure and that she would not have consented to the operation had she been so informed. It was found in fact at the trial that the surgeon failed to inform the plaintiff that the operation was not necessary and was actually optional. It was also found that while she had been warned of the risk of damage to the nerve roots, she had not been warned of the less likely, but potentially more serious, ris k to the spinal column. It was also accepted that had the plaintiff been aware of these facts she would not have undergone the surgery. However, the trial judge also found that the course the surgeon had taken was backed by a ‘responsible body of medical opinion’ and therefore, applying the test formulated in Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582, the standard of care that the surgeon owed the patient had been discharged. This ruling was upheld by the Court of Appeal and made its way to the House of Lords, where Dunn LJ’s quotation in the title is taken from. The House of Lords, by applying the Bolam test, also upheld the judgment on the ground that if a responsible body of medical opinion supported a course of action, this was sufficient to discharge the duty of care owed to a patient by a doctor. However, the reasoning in the case on the issue of informed consent is very enlightening. The first point to note is that Lord Scarman was the sole dissenting opinion in the case. Lord Scarman was of the opinion that, ‘the doctor’s duty arises from his patient’s rights. If one considers the scope of the doctor’s duty by beginning with the right of the patient to make his own decision whether he will or will not undergo the treatment proposed, the right to be informed of significant risk and the doctor’s corresponding duty are easy to understand: for the proper implementation of the right requires that the doctor be under a duty to inform his patient of the material risks inherent in the treatment.’(p. 888) Lord Scarman’s conclusion therefore was that the law ‘recognizes a right of a patient of sound understanding to be warned of material risks save in [exceptional circumstances]. This was not however the view of the other judges. Lord Bridge of Harwich for example, gave three reasons why the imposition of such a duty on patients would not be practical under English law. The first is that it would fail to take into account the reality of the doctor patient relationship in many situations. The doctor bases his decision to follow a certain course of treatment on a variety of factors and it would be impractical to expect him to educate the patient of the full implications of all of these factors. In fact, doing so may increase the trauma and stress of some patients. Secondly, the question of whether disclosure of information should have been made in any case would be best answered by reference to expert medical opinion on a case by case basis and not as a general rule applicable to all cases. Thirdly, Lord Bridge thought it would be impossible in practice for a court to apply a subjective test to the question of what was a ‘material risk’ that a pati ent should have been informed of, and what was an immaterial risk that would not require disclosure. This subjective test being one put forward in the American case of Canterbury v Spence (1972) 464 F. 2d 772. The statement of Dunn LJ quoted above was firmly upheld in the House of Lords. Sidaway however, was a case decided in 1984 and 1985. Massive advancements have been made both in the standard of medical care provided by doctors, and the requirements of the law in this field, in the intervening years. Therefore, it falls to be discussed, does the principal in Sidaway still apply? Perhaps the best starting place for such a discussion would be to follow Lord Scarman’s approach, quoted above, of looking at the right of the patient. The first right that all of us have, dating back to the early sources of the common law, is the right to bodily integrity. This right is so ingrained in our law that it can rarely be violated, even with the victim’s consent. As Swift J stated in the case of R v Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 at 507, when it comes to violation of the principle of bodily integrity, ‘consent is immaterial.’ Furthermore, for the most part, the motive of the violator is often irrelevant and even the good intentions of a doctor will not excuse a violation of the principle. In the American case of Schloendorff v Society of New York Hospital 105 NE 92 (NY, 1914) Cardozo J put it clearly when he said that ‘a surgeon who performs an operation without the patient’s consent commits an assault,’ This position has been affirm ed in England in A-G’s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 where it was clearly asserted that it is the patient’s consent alone, and not the good motives of the doctor or any other public interest that make a doctor’s interference with the patient lawful. However, absolute as the twin principles of bodily integrity and patient consent appear, there are a number of exceptions in practice. The law distinguishes involuntary treatment, that is treatment that the patient does not consent to, from non-voluntary treatment, that is treatment that the patient is unable to consent to because he is for example unconscious or otherwise unable to provide valid consent. One justification for non-voluntary treatment is that the patient is presumed to consent, as it is highly likely that he would have done so had he been conscious. This approach however, does not have universal academic support (Mitchell, 1995). The more favoured justification comes from the law of necessity, which recognizes the need to act in an emergency, despite the fact that the necessary consent has not been obtained (Skegg, 1974). The requirements for this exception to apply are that the patient is unable to consent, that there is no one capable of consenting on his behalf, th at there is genuine urgency and that there are no known objections to treatment from the patient (In re Boyd, 403 A2d 744 (DC 1979)). The basic approach has been summed up succinctly by Lord Devlin (1962: p. 90) where he said ‘The Good Samaritan is a character unesteemed in English law.’ The principle has been developed further by the Canadian Supreme Court which has developed a distinction between procedures which are necessary and procedures which are convenient. While a doctor may be justified in performing a necessary procedure without consent, to perform a merely convenient one would be beyond what he is authorized to do. Two colourful Canadian cases illustrate the distinction well. The first, Marhsall v Curry [1933] 3 DLR 260, concerns a case where a doctor removed a testicle during the course of a hernia operation. While the patient was naturally dismayed to wake up to the discovery, the court held that the doctor had been justified in acting as he had because of the nature of the patient’s condition and the fact that the operation could not have been regarded as successful but for the doctor’s decision. This case is contrasted with that of Murray v McMurchy [1949] 2 DLR 442 in which the doctor tied a defective fallopian tube during the course of a caesarian section. This was held to have been convenient as the woman would have been at risk, had she undergone another pregnancy, and a separate operation to tie the tube could be avoided by performing the procedure now. However, the court found that the operation was not necessary in the legal sense and therefore a breach of the patientà ¢â‚¬â„¢s right. The relevance of these cases to English law was affirmed by the Court of Appeal in Devi v West Midland Regional Health Authority [1981] CA 491 which followed the Canadian courts reasoning. It should also be clearly noted that the consent of the patient, and the principle of patient autonomy takes precedence over any arguments of medical paternalism. This fact was stated in the two highly publicized and controversial cases of Re T (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 649 and Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821. Also, where a doctor acts without any consent at all, law sees this situation as appropriate for a charge of battery. This will be the case where a doctor proceeds to act on a patient, despite the fact that the patient has expressly refused the treatment (Molloy v Hop Sang [1935] 1 WWR 714). It is also the case where the doctor proceeds to provide a patient with treatment that is materially different from the treatment that the patient consented to. This was the case in Schweizer v Central Hospital (1974) 53 DLR (3D) 494 where a patient consented to a toe operation, and the surgeon subsequently operated on the patient’s back. This is therefore. The starting position that led Lord Scarman to dissent from his colleagues in the Sidaway judgment. It is clear that the principle of bodily integrity is given the highest level of respect and protection under English law. Lord Scarman was saying that in order for a patient to exercise and enforce this right, he had to be informed of the details, risks and nature of a medical procedure. Further to this, Lord Scarman also was of the opinion that if a patient gave his consent without being properly informed of the risks and nature of the procedure he was consenting to, then this consent was in an important sense defective. This is the nature of the principle of informed consent, and requires that in order for a patient’s consent to be effective, and in order for a doctor to be able to properly act on it, the patient must have understood what he was consenting to. Sidaway was clearly a decision that rejected the concept of informed consent. This was recognized in Canada where the courts expressly refused to follow the decision and instead opted for upholding the informed consent requirement. One example of many is that of Haughian v Paine [1987] 4 WWR 97 in which the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal decided not to follow Sidaway and instead ruled that a doctor had been negligent in performing an operation for which the patient had not been told the consequences of undergoing no treatment at all. This case followed quickly on the heals of Sidaway. However, as late as 1997, academics in England were still confidently asserting that â€Å"English law does not recognize the doctrine of informed consent† (Grundy, 1997: p. 211). However, by this time, the attention had shifted to another principle in English law that was providing patient’s with a choice. This principle can also be traced to the Sidaway decision, the very case that rejected the application of informed consent in England. In his dissenting judgment, Lord Scarman said (at p. 884), ‘Unless statute has intervened to restrict the range of judge-made law, the common law enables the judges, when faced with a situation where a right recognized by the law is not adequately protected, either to extend existing principles to cover the situation or to apply an existing remedy to redress the injustice.’ It is this principle of the law that has been leading to significant inroads being created into the Bolam test in the context of the information given to a patient to enable him or her to make a decision. The view of Lord Bridge that it would be impractical to expect the doctor to explain absolutely everything to the patient, has in fact been flipped on its head, and the prevailing sentiment now seems to be that it would be unreasonable for the patient to explain the entire circumstances of his life, medical, social, economic and otherwise, that would be necessary to make a truly informed decision and that therefore, it is the patient who is in a far better position to make the best decision based on the information available. Even in Sidaway a pure Bolam approach was being compromised. Both Lord Bridge and Lord Keith were of the opinion that, ‘When questioned specifically by a patient of apparently sound mind about risks involved in a particular treatment proposed, the doctor’s duty must, in my opinion, be to answer both truthfully and as fully as the question requires’ (per Lord Bridge at 898). If one was to think about this statement in practice, it is in fact a lot more significant a compromise than it may seem. In reality, it is extremely likely that the vast majority of patients would ask their doctor a large number of questions concerning the risks and relative benefits of different courses. It would be a rare patient these days who would see a doctor, hear of a course of recommended treatment, and then accept it unquestioningly. The easy availability of medical information, and access to education and awareness of relevant issues has been promoted in the last couple of decades to the standard where patients are likely to be highly informed on their conditions and the options available to them, and they will certainly expect to engage in a frank discussion with their doctor on the courses of treatment available. It could almost be assumed, that in cases where a patient did not ask about the risks of a procedure of his doctor, either he had sufficient knowledge and cons ented to the doctor’s approach, or abrogated his right to further information in favour of accepting the doctor’s assessment. The second inroad contained in Sidaway itself was asserted by Lords Bridge, Templeman and Keith to the effect that (per Lord Bridge at 900), ‘Even in a case where, as here, no expert witness in the relevant medical field contends the non-disclosure as being in conflict with accepted and responsible medical practice, I am of the opinion that the Judge might in certain circumstances come to the conclusion that disclosure of a particular risk was so obviously necessary to an informed choice on the part of the patient that no reasonably prudent medical man would fail to make it.’ Combined with the previously mentioned inroad, the two conditions together provide significant safeguards to the patient’s right to meaningfully consent. Even if the patient fails to touch on serious issues and risks in his own research, or conversation with the doctor, the doctor is also under an obligation to raise of his own initiative, particular risk that are obviously necessary for ‘an informed choice on the part of the patient.’ Without actually using the phrase, the standard that the court was setting out in Sidaway was in fact starting to sound quite close to the concept of informed consent, at least for the vast majority of cases, in practice. As identified by Gurndy (1997: p. 213) the approach adopted in Sidaway is in fact a limited form of informed consent, ‘for it acknowledges that: a patient’s right of decision should be recognized and respected; where the patient undergoes an operation involving a substantial risk of grave adverse consequences a doctor failing to disclose such risk would be negligent save for circumstances where there was some cogent clinical reason why the patient should not be informed.’ Since Sidaway therefore, there have been a number of cases highlighting the importance of the patient’s right to know, and putting the Bolam test into a subsidiary role as merely one of a number of factors that should be taken into account. In Blyth v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 4 Med LR 151 (per Kerr LJ at 157) it was said, ‘The question of what a plaintiff should be told in answer to a general enquiry cannot be divorced from the Bolam test any more than when no such enquiry is made. In both cases the answer must depend upon the circumstances, the nature of the enquiry, the nature of the information which is available, its reliability, relevance, the condition of the patient and so forth.’ Without creating an express right to all information that is available, the court was saying that Bolam is just one of the factors that are relevant in questions of this type. In Smith v Turnbirdge Wells Health Authority [1994] 5 Med LR 334 (per Mr. Justice Morland at 399) the court went against Bolam when it said, ‘By 1988 although some surgeons may still not have been warning patients similar in situation to the plaintiff of the risk of impotence, that omission was neither reasonable nor responsible.’ Therefore, despite passing the Bolam test, the defendants failed on the grounds of a reasonable and responsible test. In Moyes v Lothian Health Board [1990] 1 Med LR 463 the court found that the overarching test was ‘whether the doctor has shown reasonable care for the safety of his patient.’ In Abbas v Kenney [1996] 7 Med LR 47 the court stated that ‘A doctor has a duty to explain what he intends to do and the implications of what he is going to do. It must be explained in such a way that the patient can understand.’ Therefore, to conclude, it is possible to say that while the courts purport to be applying the Bolam test, as set out in Sidaway, the fact of the matter is that they are actually operating on principles much closer to a practical understanding of a modified form of informed consent. There are numerous cases that show that the mere fact that a body of professional opinion would not have disclosed certain information will not be enough for a doctor to avoid a finding of negligence. At the same time, there are numerous judicial statements to the effect that doctors must inform their patients of the basic information necessary in order for them to exercise their right to consent. Therefore, while in theory there is no doctrine of informed consent in English law, the practical approach, stemming from Sidaway and subsequent practice, is that a modified doctrine of informed consent does prevail in English law, and any doctors who ignored this fact would be standing on very shaky legal groun d. Reference List Texts and Articles Beauchamp Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 3rd ed. 1990, Cambridge Buchanan Brock, Deciding for Others, 1989, London Campbell, Moral Dilemmas in Medicine, 3rd ed. 1984, Oxford University Press Castiglioni, A history of Medicine, trans and ed E B Krunghaar, 2nd ed. 1947 Fulford, Moral Theory and Medical Practice, 1989, Oxford Grundy, P., Bolam, Sidaway and the Unrecognised Doctrine of Informed Consent: A Fresh Approach, (1997) JPIL, Dec. 211 Lord Devlin, Samples in Law Making, (1962) Oxford University Press, Oxford Mason McCall Smith, Law and Medical Ethics, 4th ed. 1994, Butterowrths, London Mitchell, J., A Fundamental Problem of Consent (1995) 310 BMJ 43 Skegg, A., A Justification for Medical Procedures Performed without Consent, (19740 90 LQR 512 Cases Abbas v Kenney [1996] 7 Med LR 47 A-G’s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821 Blyth v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 4 Med LR 151 Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 Canterbury v Spence (1972) 464 F. 2d 772 Devi v West Midland Regional Health Authority [1981] CA 491 Haughian v Paine [1987] 4 WWR 97 In re Boyd, 403 A2d 744 (DC 1979) Marhsall v Curry [1933] 3 DLR 260 Molloy v Hop Sang [1935] 1 WWR 714 Moyes v Lothian Health Board [1990] 1 Med LR 463 Murray v McMurchy [1949] 2 DLR 442 R v Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 Re T (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 649 Schloendorff v Society of New York Hospital 105 NE 92 (NY, 1914) Schweizer v Central Hospital (1974) 53 DLR (3D) 494 Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlehem Royal Hospital [1984] 1 ALL ER 1018 Smith v Turnbirdge Wells Health Authority [1994] 5 Med LR 334

Personal Writing: My New Life In India :: essays research papers

Personal Writing: My New Life in India Tap ... tap ... tap ... I looked up to see a blurry figure of my mother tapping a few fingers on my shoulder. "Sorry to wake you up, Rishi, but me and Daddy have something important to tell you." She was not smiling. I got up, now fully awake, wondering what was going on. With my father standing next to her, my mother crossed her arms and, in a tone that I knew could not be argued with, stated, "We have decided to move to India permanently." I was awestruck. My family is Indian, but I had never so much as considered living anywhere but Peach Tree Court, a street that had the brightest green maple trees and fields of radiant yellow and orange marigolds. India was nothing more than an old family story to me, not a place to live. Over the next couple of weeks, I ruminated on what life would be like in India. My brother, who already attended an Indian boarding school, told me in scratchy long-distance telephone conversations how great life was in India at his boarding school. "We have the best futbol (soccer) field in all of India," he said. "It has an electronic scoring board, and the surface is fluorescent blue astroturf." This was an enormous motivation factor, due to the fact that soccer is my favorite sport. "And the food is delectable," he went on, "They serve chicken curry with juicy vegetables four out of the seven days of the week." I ate chicken curry every chance I got, so this, added to the soccer field, made the school sound fantastic. "The weather is remarkable. The temperature year-round is seventy-five to eighty degrees," he continued with emphasis, "just like California, Rishi." My brother knew that I loved California. He also told me that I would get to visit our parents two times a week, which is very generous compared to other Indian boarding schools. My brother's long-distance stories convinced me. From what I had heard, India sounded like utopia. Six weeks after my mother woke me with the big "news," my father, mother and I arrived in India. We left Peach Tree Court, with all its beautiful maple trees, and flew to India. I stepped off the airplane into the dirtiest, oldest airport I had ever seen. A film of dirt covered everything in the airport; the windows, the walls, even the floor. And the people working there seemed more likely to shrug their shoulders and ignore the passengers than care at all if anything worked right.

The History of Computers :: Technology Computers Essays

The History of Computers In order to fully understand the history of computers and computers in general, it is important to understand what it is exactly that lead up to the invention of the computer. After all, there was a time when the use of laptops, P.C.s, and other machines was unthinkable. Way back in the fourth century B.C., the abucus was an instrument used for counting in Babylonia. Many scholars believe that it likely started out as pebbles being moved over lines drawn in the dirt and then evolved into a more complex counting tool (Aspray 7). About 1200 years later, Roman numerals were finally introduced, along with the idea of the zero and other mathematical basics. This helped lay the foundation for several different men who had findings that would eventually lead us to the beginnings of computers and computing. Though they are often referred to as scholars, many of these intellectuals were most likely just merely the nerds of their time. Take Wilhelm Schickard and Blaise Pascal of the 17t h century, for example. Both of these men had enough time on their hands to individually build two of the first mechanical calculators in history. Unfortunately, Schickard calculator never even made it past the model stage and Pascal machine had several snags of its own; nevertheless, both of their discoveries helped lead to more advanced computing. The next so-called geek to make his way into the computing spotlight was Charles Babbage. In 1842, he developed ideas for a computer that could find the solution to a math problem. His system was rudimentary, using punch-cards in the computation; however, his ideas were far from basic. In fact, the analysis of his Analytical Engine includes fundamentals of computer programming, including data analysis, looping, and memory addressing (History). So things started rolling and in no time, we arrived in the 20th century and many new advances in computing came with time. The discoveries became more and more significant and computers became more and more advanced. In 1943, a computer used in Britain for code-breaking was created, followed by the 1945 completion of the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzor and Computer, which was used in the United States to assist in the preparation of firing tables for artillery. Computers really began to prove useful even in situations that we never thought possible, like in war and protection.

Microraptor Gui: The Dinosaur with Four Wings :: Anthropology Essays Paleontology Papers

Microraptor Gui: The Dinosaur with Four Wings Knowing that pterodactyls belong to a separate group of reptiles than dinosaurs, the thought of a dinosaur with wings may seem somewhat strange. But a fairly recent archeological find adds an extra detail to make this idea truly bizarre: a dinosaur with four wings. Microraptor gui, discovered by Xing Xu and colleagues, is believed to be a kind of missing link between strictly ground-dwelling dinosaurs and birds, namely Archaeopteryx, the earliest known creature to be considered a bird. While there can be no debate over the discovery itself, the implications made from its discovery haven’t been entirely accepted, with many arguing them altogether. Besides being an oddity, what makes this particular find so significant? What are these implications that have riled some scientists up, and what is it that these experts argue? Before any sort of discussion on the debate of what M. gui implies, however, the details of this odd reptile’s discovered fossils should be given. Through past research and findings, the leading theory on the origin of birds traces them back to dinosaurs, more specifically a type of bipedal dinosaur called theropods. Within this group of mostly carnivorous dinosaurs are the dromaeosaurids, and they specifically are believed to be the closest dinosaur ancestors of birds. The discovered fossils of the dramaeosaurid M. gui form of a nearly complete skeleton, and it’s been compared with a similar, previously discovered Microraptor skeleton. The place of M. gui’s discovery was Dapingfang, Chaoyang County in western Liaoning, China, also known as the Jiufotang Formation_. Xu and colleagues declare the fossils to be dated from the early Cretaceous period (about 124 - 128 million years ago_)_ through others’ radiometric dating and biostratagraphical correlations of that region_. Interestingly, the closest ancestors of many of the dinosaurs found within this area of China are believed to have lived not during the early Cretaceous, but the late Jurassic_. Paleogeographers have theorized that this area was thoroughly isolated during the very late Jurassic and into the early Cretaceous_. With paleontologists theorizing that Archaeopteryx came into existence 25 million years before the dated existence of these M. gui fossils_, M. gui i s still believed to be a basal dromaeosaurid, meaning that it’s one of the earliest of this type of theropod, maintaining that these fossils are of an ancestor to Archaeopteryx and all birds.

Acknowledging Sources Essay

For this entry created by the student, the student apparently misunderstood the source materials since although the source mentioned the roughness of the sport, the article that was used by the student as the primary source material did not directly state nor imply that the spectators are included in the roughness that occurs in hockey.   Also the student assumed that since the article mentioned that there were â€Å"built-in cooling-off periods† and â€Å"higher emotional temperature than [†¦] baseball or [†¦] football† (qtd. in McGrath 9), there was no cooling-off instances in the game of hockey (Spatt 475). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have the source ideas been acknowledged with sufficient and accurate documentation, according to MLA style?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The source ideas in this student’s essay were not sufficiently and accurately documented based on the MLA style.   This is evident in the lack of an in-text citation at the end of the paragraph of the student’s essay and thus committed an act of plagiarism.   According to Spatt, even if the writer may have used his or her own words in order to construct the paragraph, the ideas used by the student were that of McGrath (Spatt 475).   Without the ideas provided by McGrath in his article, the student would not have been able to create the said essay paragraph.   As such, credit and acknowledgement must be given to McGrath for his insights regarding the game of hockey (458-59). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have quotations from the source been indicated with quotation marks?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The student borrowed the term â€Å"cooling-off periods† (qtd. in McGrath 9) from the article that was used by the student from the source material without the use of quotation marks.   This was the second error of the student that could cause the essay work be classified as a plagiarized essay.   Not only did the student not acknowledge the source where the ideas for the essay were derived from, but also the student failed to acknowledge the exact wording used by the author of the source used by the student through the use of quotation marks (Spatt 459). Student Essay B 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Has the source been misquoted or misunderstood?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The student had misunderstood the context of the essay presented by McGrath in his article (Spatt 475).   Based on the essay that was constructed by the student, the reader of the essay would assume that the passionate emotional outbursts observed during hockey games were crucial in each hockey game (Spatt 475). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have the source ideas been acknowledged with sufficient and accurate documentation, according to MLA style?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the student acknowledged the author of the article from where the ideas for the essay were derived from, the student may have overdid the documentation.   Since the student already specified the name of the author whose ideas were used in the essay, the student did not need to use the name of the author in the in-text citation at the end of the paragraph.   The specification of the page number at the end of the essay paragraph would have sufficed (Spatt 469). Also, the student placed the in-text citation after a period ending the essay.   In creating in-text citation, this should be placed before the period except in instances when the parenthetical citation is located at the end of an indented quotation.   It is only when indented quotations are included in the essay where the end of the indented quotation should be ended first with a period and then the parenthetical citation is placed after the period.   This is because there are no quotation marks that would state the end of the indented quotation that was inserted in the essay (Spatt 469). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have quotations from the source been indicated with quotation marks?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As with the first essay, the student borrowed the exact wording from the article used as the source material for the essay.   In this case, the student failed to put the words â€Å"cult of toughness† (qtd. in McGrath 9) in quotation marks.   Although the student did include an in-text citation in the essay, according to Spatt, there are two things that the student must remember to prevent plagiarism.   The first is that the source of the ideas should be acknowledged in the form of in-text or parenthetical citations.   The second is that if the student or the writer would opt to use the exact words used by the author in the resource material, the student should also place these in quotation marks (459). Student Essay C 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Has the source been misquoted or misunderstood?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The student who created this essay did not misquote or send another meaning to the readers of his or her work apart from what the author of the resource material was trying to imply which was that although hockey was considered a rough sport, the roughness associated with this is embedded in the game similar to that of a ritual (Spatt 475-76). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have the source ideas been acknowledged with sufficient and accurate documentation, according to MLA style?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The student properly acknowledged the author and the main source from where he or she derived the ideas for the essay from.   Since the student already mentioned the name of the author of the article in the paragraph, the student only included the page number from where the article was located.   The student also stated the page number where the article was located before the period ending the sentence of the paragraph which is the correct placing for the parenthetical citation (Spatt 458-59). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have quotations from the source been indicated with quotation marks?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The student had accurately indicated various terms that he or she had used in the essay he or she constructed with the use of quotation marks in order to establish to his or her readers that the student is acknowledging not just the source where the ideas where taken from, but also acknowledging that some of the vocabulary and terminologies that the student used in the essay where also the terminologies and vocabulary that were derived from the article as well (Spatt 459). Student Essay D 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Has the source been misquoted or misunderstood?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The student who created this last essay was accurate in delivering the same idea that McGrath had (qtd. in Spatt 475) intended his article to relay to his readers. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have the source ideas been acknowledged with sufficient and accurate documentation, according to MLA style?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the student had acknowledged the source materials used for the essay using a parenthetical citation, the style that was used by the student for the in-text citation was incorrect.   The format to be used for using an in-text or parenthetical citation for the MLA style is to specify the last name of the author followed by the page number inside the parenthesis.   The last name of the author should not be separated from the page number using a comma.   Also, the page number should not be preceded by the letter â€Å"p† (Spatt 466-67). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have quotations from the source been indicated with quotation marks?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The student had specified quotations from the source with quotation marks.   However, there was only ones that needed to be placed in quotation marks which were the phrases â€Å"fistfights to routinely break out† (qtd. in Spatt 475) and â€Å"cult of toughness† (qtd. in Spatt 475) since these were direct quotations from the article written by McGrath.   The phrase â€Å"burn at a high emotional level† (Spatt 476) was a paraphrase done by the student from the original text from the article which was written as â€Å"burn at a much higher emotional temperature† (qtd. in Spatt 475).   This being the case, the student did not need to put this inside quotation marks. The phrase â€Å"ritualistic pushing† (Spatt 476) should have included three periods in between and after the words â€Å"ritualistic† and â€Å"pushing† because in the original article, there were additional words in between and after the two words.   The addition of three periods in between these two words would advise the readers that although this was a direct quotation from the article, the student left out some of the words in order to make the statement or the phrase more cohesive and as such be able to create a clear statement while ensuring that the ideas and thoughts of the author are acknowledge in order to prevent any possibility of plagiarism (Spatt 477). Works Cited Spatt, Brenda. Writing for Sources 7th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007.

The Blue Spider Project

Is it true when you enter project management, you either go up the organization or out the door? Yes that is the truth, because there are only two places you can go from program management, namely up to the organization or out the door. There are only very few engineers who failed in program management and permitted to return to the project. In real life, failing managing a project means you will get fired in most cases. In this case the project manager should count himself lucky of getting back his job as an engineer.Is it possible for an executive to take too much of an interest in an R&D project? Yes it is possible, but it is more important that the project manager concentrates more on the administrative work. If the influence of an executive is suppressing individuality of the competent team members it will be too much of an interest, because every team member should have the possibility to contribute in their own way.Should Paul Evans has been permitted to report information to Gable before reporting it to the project manager? In the one hand he has to report to him every morning with the raw data results of the previous days, but in the other hand Paul Evans himself thinks that Gable might manipulate them, because he thinks this is his own project. In most cases this should not be allowed because the information can be used against the project manager. It would be a better solution that the project manager should be informed at first if the information might strongly influence the project.Is it customary for the project manager to prepare all of the handouts for a customer interchange meeting? Yes of course, it is necessary because every one of them want a copy of all handouts to be presented at last 3 days before. Furthermore it is essential for them, because they want to scrutinize the data. Furthermore it is necessary for them to make the right decisions and avoid mistakes. The most recommended thing for a project manager is to write the minutes on his own because he can be sure that nobody is interpreting any decision or discussion in a wrong way afterwards. Gary must take in consideration that all administrative work is necessary and should be taken serious, because one day it might become an importance at a later stage of the project to have right decision and information by the customer.What happens when a situation of mistrust occurs between the customer and contractor? If there is a situation of mistrust, raising the frequency of interchange meeting from one meeting per month up to one meeting per week is important. But the negative thing of this change is the huge amount of paperwork. Meetings could also be postponed which leads to a time delay. Furthermore, to improve the interchange of information between the contractor and the customer, the contractor should place some stuff to the company of the customer.Should a project manager ever censor bad news?The project manager has to report about the performance. Insufficient performance will provoke a negative reaction of a project sponsor. We think a project manager should deliver almost all the facts as soon as possible and as objectively as possible. There are three possibilities of controlling the performance and to have an overlook of a work package. First the green traffic light, which means, everything is on the right way. Then there is the orange traffic light which tells the project manager to talk to the project team first, to find possible solutions for the problems. An least the red one, which leads to an report from the project manager to the upper management to get help.Could the above- mentioned problems have been resolved if there had been a singular methodology for project management in place? It is a tricky task to select the most suitable project management methodology due to the fact that there are a few dozens of factors that should be considered. There is no good or bad methodology only the most suitable one. I believe that the mis sing communication and the violation of protocol were the main reasons for the above mentioned problems. Some methodologies could be the crystal method and waterfall method.The crystal method focuses on communication, while the waterfall method focuses on the protocol issue. However, the  above mentioned problems would not occur if there was a good communication between the responsible people. A project manager who can communicate thoroughly and effectively with his team, his customer, and his company leadership will go far. He will have a higher degree of customer satisfaction. His team will be better engaged and understand what is expected of them. So in this case study the project manager is one of the people to be blamed.Can a singular methodology for project management specify morality and ethics in dealing with customers? If so, how do we then handle situations where the project manager violates protocol? When it comes to project management, ethics which are defined as the m oral values and beliefs, are extremely important in gaining the support of the project team and customers. It is so much easier to point the fingers at one person. However, ethically no person should be singled out for the project failure. A methodology called PRINCE might lead to more objective evaluation and assessment of project. But with the addition that it only helps the responsible people to handle ethnics and is not doing the whole job for them.A singular methodology cannot specify morality and ethnics in dealing with customers. Could the lessons learned on success and failure during project debriefings cause a major change in the project management methodology? Reflecting experience is an element of the final project report with the explicit objective of knowledge transfer for future projects. This report has to be compiled by the project manager and includes conclusions and recommendations in the sense of summarizing what can be improved in future projects. The blue spider project will not benefit a lot from the debriefing because the mistakes had already been done and the project finished. But the project manager Gary and his team could use this knowledge in order to choose a new project management methodology and learn from their mistakes.

Philippines Literature Essay

The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the country’s history. Long before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed or set foot on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that brought by the Spaniards. –> LITERATURE: the body of oral and written works, text, books, poetry, etc. these are the several things that concern this subject. we have been exposed to literature ever since we were young. reading, writing, that’s what we do. but is this really the essence of literature?  the time i realized that i was going to take up â€Å"Philippine Literature† this semester, i was rather a bit curios about what would be in store for me, for the whole class.  our Literature instructor Ms. Dinah Laguna-Mission is very enthusiastic in teaching us. never came a time that i felt sleepy or bored during our lit. subject. she has a lively voice and pronunciation, lively gestures and the witty use of words were the things i looked forward to every time she came.  at first, i expect that the subject content and the teaching method was just a repetition of what has been taught to us during high school. but i was wrong, the different genre of literature, different devices and ever famous figures of speech were the ones being taught to us. After all the experiences and new knowledge imparted to me, i realized that Literature is not only about just reading the stories, poems, riddles, etc. but either its understanding them deeply. i thank Ms. Mission for imparting this knowledge imparted to me and the whole class for making this journey bearable and truly enjoyable one. it was beyond doubt an accomplishment for us and so, even if i finish the subject Philippines Literature, the things i  learned, the memories and experience will truly mo no matter what. ^_^

Discuss The Characters Of Marco And Rodolfo Essay

From the moment they enter the play, the formal and grateful character of Marco contrasts greatly to the more ostentatious and vivacious character of Rodolfo. This is evident to the audience through our initial understanding of them – Marco is respectful, honest and a responsible gentleman, which can be observed through his family ambitions and his gratitude shown towards the Carbone family. Conversely his brother is a raconteur who has more casual ambitions in life. Although he wins the heart of Catherine and the friendship of Beatrice, he clearly does not abide to Eddie’s ‘male code of honour’, and Eddie’s incestuous dreams with Catherine results in deep jealousy of the relationship that she has with Rodolfo. The audience interpret Marco’s formal, respectful character from the initial scene where Marco enters the household. He shows his gratitude towards the Carbone family in numerous ways, which is obvious through the repetition of ‘Thank you’. His sharp, but polite tone illustrates his formality and ‘machismo’ character, similar to that of Eddie’s. Additionally it is clear that he is a responsible and honest gentleman; his ambitions and priorities are obtainable and family orientated. He says:  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe older one is sick in his chest.’ My wife – she feeds them from her own mouth. I tell you the truth, if I stay there they will never grow up. They eat the sunshine’. Not only does this show that he is honest and that he works hard for his family, it additionally depicts the harsh reality of his situation back in Italy, and as a result this creates sympathy from Eddie, Beatrice and the audience. Furthermore this sympathy and fondness of Marco expands when the salary that he can obtain for this family dumfounds him. He says:  Ã¢â‚¬ËœMy wife – My wife – I want to send right away maybe twenty dollars – Eduardo†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  Without showing too much emotion, whilst following Eddie’s ‘male code of honour’, he expresses his gratitude towards Eddie, which is evident where the playwright informs us ‘his eyes are showing tears’. Marco is clearly ecstatic by this opportunity to make his family happy and this earns him his respect, particularly from Eddie, who has strong feelings about maintaining a satisfied family. Contradicting to the sharp and polite character of Marco, Rodolfo is more flamboyant and a raconteur. Whereas Marco is more sharp and ‘machismo’, Rodolfo is more vivacious and talkative, which is evident where he says:  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Oh, sure! It’s a feature in our town. The horses in our town are skinnier than the goats. So if there are too many passengers we help to push the carriages up to the hotel. In our town the horses are only for show’  He not only answers the questions proposed by Beatrice, but he expands on it in depth, informing the audience that he is chatty and speaks in a more casual tone. Furthermore the repetition of ‘he laughs’ by Miller sums up Rodolfo’s personality – happy and confident. Additionally he is not ashamed to express his true feelings, which seems obvious to us when he responds to Eddie’s description of economic opportunities in America. He says: ‘How much? We hear of all kinds of figures. How much can we make? We work hard, we’ll work all day, all night – ‘  Marco shows that he is desperate to make money, and he is almost dumfounded by the mention of money itself. He is evidently not afraid to express his emotions; he almost shamelessly begs to work. This does not depict Eddie’s ‘male code of honour’ and therefore Eddie does not show respect towards him, shown by the playwright when ‘he is coming more and more to address Marco only’. Eddie chooses not to respond to Rodolfo’s comments because Rodolfo is ostentatious, which by Eddie’s standards does not make him ‘machismo’. As a result, Eddie responds only to Marco, who he genuinely respects as a result of his formality and gratitude.